ArticleDiabetes care2020
Associations Between Racial and Ethnic Groups and Foot Self-Inspection in People With Diabetes.
Article in Diabetes care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- The incidence of lower extremity amputation and its associated risk factors in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: A meta-analysis.International wound journal · 2024Pooled it
- A Culturally and Linguistically Tailored Intervention to Improve Diabetes-Related Outcomes in Chinese Americans With Type 2 Diabetes: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025Trial
- Disparities in diabetic foot examinations: a cross-sectional analysis of the behavioural risk factor surveillance system.Primary health care research & development · 2025Article
- Association of Race With Referral Disparities for Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers at an Institution Serving Rural and Urban Populations.Foot & ankle orthopaedics · 2024Article
- Hypertonic saline solution 5% as an effective cost-beneficial alternative to normal saline for wound healing in patients with diabetic lower-extremity ulcers: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2023Article
- Disparities in preventative diabetic foot examination.Seminars in vascular surgery · 2023Article
- Using the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities framework to better understand disparities in major amputations.Seminars in vascular surgery · 2023Review
- Ensuring Equitable Care in Diabetes Management Among Patients of Health Resources & Services Administration-Funded Health Centers in the United States.Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2023Article
- Are racial/ethnic minorities recently diagnosed with diabetes less likely than white individuals to receive guideline-directed diabetes preventive care?BMC health services research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveDaily foot self-inspection may permit earlier detection and treatment of a foot lesion, reducing the risk of infection and lower-limb amputation (LLA). Though race and ethnicity are strongly associated with LLA risk, with higher risk seen in African Americans (AA), American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN), and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NH/PI), associations between foot self-inspection and racial and ethnic groups are inconsistent. We aimed to assess differences in foot self-inspection among people with diabetes by race/ethnicity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsUsing national, cross-sectional data from the 2015-2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys and including 88,424 individuals with diabetes, we estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) and associated 95% CIs of daily foot checking for sores or irritation by racial and ethnic groups using log-binomial linear regression models, after accounting for survey weights.
resultsCompared with whites (who had a weighted prevalence [P] of daily foot self-inspection of 57%), AA (P 67%, PR 1.18 [95% CI 1.14, 1.23]), AI/AN (P 66%, PR 1.15 [95% CI 1.07, 1.25]), and NH/PI (P 71%, PR 1.25 [95% CI 1.03, 1.52]) had higher prevalences of daily foot self-inspection. The prevalence of daily foot inspection was significantly lower among Asians (P 35%, PR 0.62 [95% CI 0.48, 0.81]) and Hispanics (P 53%, PR 0.93 [95% CI 0.88, 0.99]) compared with whites. Associations did not vary importantly by insulin use, years since diabetes diagnosis, or having received diabetes self-management education.
conclusionsThe higher frequency of foot self-inspection in racial and ethnic groups at elevated risk of diabetes-related LLA is not sufficient to eliminate LLA disparities; additional interventions are needed to achieve this aim.
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