ReviewEuropean journal of applied physiology2020
Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition.
Review in European journal of applied physiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers.
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Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sweat lactate sensor for detecting anaerobic threshold in heart failure: a prospective clinical trial (LacS-001).Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- No effect of tattoos on local sweat concentrations of select cytokines, cortisol, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, or lactate during exercise.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Weight loss treatment for COVID-19 in patients with NCDs: a pilot prospective clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- A Comparative Study of MALDI MSI Versus DESI MSI Applied to Questioned Document Examination.Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM · 2026Article
- Preserving Sample, Interface, and Signal Fidelity in Wearable Sweat Electrolyte Monitoring During Exercise.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Article
- Saliva, Sweat, and Exhaled Breath as Alternative Specimens for Exercise Chemistry: Analytical Advantages, Limitations, and Comparative Progress.Biomedical chromatography : BMC · 2026Review
- Day-to-day variability and method agreement of sweat sodium concentration during pilocarpine iontophoresis and exercise.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Model-Driven Discovery of Highly Sensitive Nanocolumnar NiO Electrochemical Glucose Sensors.ACS engineering Au · 2026Article
- Applications of Wearable Sweat Biosensors in Sports Activities with Real-World Cases.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Advances and Challenges in Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Review
- Noninvasive measurement of glucose and lactate in thermoregulatory sweat in neonates and adults.Science advances · 2026Article
- Sweat as a diagnostic biofluid: analytical advances and future directions.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- Sweat components as a promising monitoring tool for systemic diseases.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- Laser-Scribed Graphene on PDMS for Flexible Wearable Sweat Biosensors with Multiplexed Sensing Capability.Biosensors · 2026Article
- Impedimetric Analysis of the Photocatalysis-Assisted Response of Patterned TiOSensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Can We Protect Our Hearts by Sweating Out Excess Sodium?Exercise and sport sciences reviews · 2026Review
- Nanobiosensor Based on Catalytic Palladium Nanoclusters and Oxidases for Bianalyte Electrochemical Determination: Glucose and Ethanol in Sweat.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition to assess the utility of sweat as a proxy for blood or as a potential biomarker of human health or nutritional/physiological status.
methodsThis narrative review includes the major sweat electrolytes (sodium, chloride, and potassium), other micronutrients (e.g., calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, vitamins), metabolites (e.g., glucose, lactate, ammonia, urea, bicarbonate, amino acids, ethanol), and other compounds (e.g., cytokines and cortisol).
resultsIon membrane transport mechanisms for sodium and chloride are well established, but the mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption for most other sweat solutes are still equivocal. Correlations between sweat and blood have not been established for most constituents, with perhaps the exception of ethanol. With respect to sweat diagnostics, it is well accepted that elevated sweat sodium and chloride is a useful screening tool for cystic fibrosis. However, sweat electrolyte concentrations are not predictive of hydration status or sweating rate. Sweat metabolite concentrations are not a reliable biomarker for exercise intensity or other physiological stressors. To date, glucose, cytokine, and cortisol research is too limited to suggest that sweat is a useful surrogate for blood.
conclusionFinal sweat composition is not only influenced by extracellular solute concentrations, but also mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption, sweat flow rate, byproducts of sweat gland metabolism, skin surface contamination, and sebum secretions, among other factors related to methodology. Future research that accounts for these confounding factors is needed to address the existing gaps in the literature.
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Registered trials
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