ArticlePsychological medicine2021
Social disadvantage, linguistic distance, ethnic minority status and first-episode psychosis: results from the EU-GEI case-control study.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- The qualitative accounts of black informal carers of people with psychosis and their experiences accessing mental health services: a systematic review.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Unhealthy behaviors associated with mental health disorders: a systematic comparative review of diet quality, sedentary behavior, and cannabis and tobacco use.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- The ethnic density effect in psychosis: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2021Pooled it
- Language proficiency and mental disorders among migrants: A systematic review.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal ethnicity, severe perinatal mental illness and involuntary admission: mother and baby unit service evaluation.BJPsych bulletin · 2026Article
- Sex-specific drivers of non-affective psychotic disorders within migrant groups: A 25-year retrospective cohort study of 2 million migrants.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Difficulties in Accessing Mental Health Services: The Perspective of Users from Cultural Minorities.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Environmental risk score as a predictor for 25-year symptom and functional trajectories in first episode psychosis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Discrimination, trust, and well-being: dual risk-and-resilience pathways among African immigrants in 29 European countries.SSM - population health · 2026Article
- External validation of the SMART2 model for recurrent cardiovascular risk: performance in socioeconomic, ethnic and psychiatric subgroups.Open heart · 2026Article
- Article
- Cognitive-Developmental Mechanisms in Hallucinations.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Review
- Reimagining psychosis prevention: responding to the accessibility issues of At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) services through a selective public health approach.BJPsych bulletin · 2025Article
- Debate: Urban-rural environments - which is better for mental health? Moving beyond urban-rural dichotomies in psychosis risk for young people.Child and adolescent mental health · 2025Article
- Clinical symptoms of the prodromal stage preceding serious mental illness in Taiwanese young adults: a qualitative study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Cognitive presentation at psychosis onset through premorbid deterioration and exposure to environmental risk factors.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Anti-Asian sentiment on social media and mental health among Asian and Asian American populations in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic literature review.Social sciences & humanities open · 2025Article
- The association between racism and psychosis: An umbrella review.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Longitudinal association between neighborhood-level social capital and incidence of major psychiatric disorders in a cohort of 1.4 million people in Sweden.Nature. Mental health · 2025Article
- Experiences and socio-environmental contexts in the lead-up to psychosis: a qualitative analysis of the narratives of persons with psychosis from different ethnic, racial and immigrant backgrounds.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
28 authors at 16 institutions in 7 countries.
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Abstract
backgroundEthnic minority groups in Western countries face an increased risk of psychotic disorders. Causes of this long-standing public health inequality remain poorly understood. We investigated whether social disadvantage, linguistic distance and discrimination contributed to these patterns.
methodsWe used case-control data from the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study, carried out in 16 centres in six countries. We recruited 1130 cases and 1497 population-based controls. Our main outcome measure was first-episode ICD-10 psychotic disorder (F20-F33), and exposures were ethnicity (white majority, black, mixed, Asian, North-African, white minority and other), generational status, social disadvantage, linguistic distance and discrimination. Age, sex, paternal age, cannabis use, childhood trauma and parental history of psychosis were included as a priori confounders. Exposures and confounders were added sequentially to multivariable logistic models, following multiple imputation for missing data.
resultsParticipants from any ethnic minority background had crude excess odds of psychosis [odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.69-2.43], which remained after adjustment for confounders (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.31-1.98). This was progressively attenuated following further adjustment for social disadvantage (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.22-1.89) and linguistic distance (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.95-1.57), a pattern mirrored in several specific ethnic groups. Linguistic distance and social disadvantage had stronger effects for first- and later-generation groups, respectively.
conclusionSocial disadvantage and linguistic distance, two potential markers of sociocultural exclusion, were associated with increased odds of psychotic disorder, and adjusting for these led to equivocal risk between several ethnic minority groups and the white majority.
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