ArticleMalaria journal2020
First evidence of the deletion in the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes in Plasmodium falciparum from Equatorial Guinea.
Article in Malaria journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum coinfection with Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni among children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Malaria journal · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions on malaria control worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Malaria journal · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assessment for Malaria Diagnosis in Equatorial Guinea.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Local variability inMalariaWorld journal · 2026Article
- First report of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions compromising HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Malawi.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- Analysis of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions, and the structure and variability of PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 proteins: implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Cubal, Angola.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Integrating local malaria molecular monitoring into regular malaria indicator surveys on Bioko Island: high association between urban communities and low-density infections.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Evaluation of dried blood spot sampling for real-time PCR malaria diagnostics in a rural setting in Angola.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Molecular surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 gene deletions in Mozambique, 2023.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Histidine-rich protein (hrp) 2-based RDT false-negatives and Plasmodium falciparum hrp 2 and 3 gene deletions in low, seasonal and intense perennial transmission zones in Cameroon: a cross - sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Evolution of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions in Equatorial Guinea between the pre- and post-RDT introduction.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Evaluating Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Microscopy for Detecting Plasmodium Infection and Status of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2/3 Gene Deletions in Southeastern Nigeria.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Rapid classification of epidemiologically relevant age categories of the malaria vector, Anopheles funestus.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Limited threat of Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletion to the utility of HRP2-based malaria RDTs in Northern Uganda.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 Gene Deletions in Malaria-Hyperendemic Region, South Sudan.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Field evaluation of the novel One Step Malaria Pf and Pf/Pv rapid diagnostic tests and the proportion of HRP-2 gene deletion identified on samples collected in the Pwani region, Tanzania.Bulletin of the National Research Centre · 2023Article
- Low frequency ofFrontiers in epidemiology · 2023Article
- Gene Coverage Count and Classification (GCMalaria journal · 2022Article
- Deletion patterns, genetic variability and protein structure of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic test in Amhara region, Ethiopia.Malaria journal · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) as a good alternative malaria-diagnosis method in remote parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of commercial RDTs currently available detect the Plasmodium falciparum protein histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2). There have also been recent reports of pfhrp2 gene deletions being found in parasites collected from several African countries. The WHO has concluded that lacking the pfhrp2 gene must be monitored in Africa. The purpose of the study was to analyse why the samples that were positive by PCR were negative by RDTs and, therefore, to determine whether there have been deletions in the pfhrp2 and/or pfhrp3 genes.
methodsMalaria NM-PCR was carried out on all the samples collected in the field. A group of 128 samples was positive by PCR but negative by RDT; these samples were classified as RDT false-negatives. PCR was carried out for exon2 of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes to detect the presence or absence of these two genes. Frequencies with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for prevalence estimates. Associations were assessed by the Chi square test or Fisher´s exact test. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using the software package SPSSv.15.0.
resultsAfter PCR, 81 samples were identified (4.7%, 95% CI 3.8-5.8) which had deletion in both genes, pfhrp2 and pfhrp3. Overall, however, 11 samples (0.6%, 95% CI 0.36-1.14) had deletion only in pfhrp2 but not in pfhrp3, and 15 (0.9%, 95% CI 0.6-1.5) presented with deletion only in pfhrp3 but not in pfhrp2. Considering the pfhrp2 gene separately, within the total of 1724 samples, 92 (5.3%, 95% CI 4.37-6.5) had evidence of deletion.
conclusionThe present study provides the first evidence of deletion in the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes in P. falciparum isolates from Equatorial Guinea. However, larger studies across different regions within the country and across different seasonal profiles are needed to determine the full extent of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletion. It is strongly recommended to implement an active surveillance programme in order to detect any increases in pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletion frequencies.
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