ArticleCancers2020
A Preclinical Embryonic Zebrafish Xenograft Model to Investigate CAR T Cells In Vivo.
Article in Cancers, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond the mouse: 3R-guided alternative animal models transforming cancer research.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Aligning preclinical AML models with immunotherapy development: principles for model selection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Zebrafish as a Model for Translational Immuno-Oncology.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Challenges in the preclinical design and assessment of CAR-T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- [Modification with IL-21 and CCL19 enhances killing efficiency and tumor infiltration of NKP30 CAR-T cells in lung cancer].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2024Article
- Advantages of the zebrafish tumor xenograft model: the evaluation of efficacy in cancer therapy and the application to the study of lncRNAs.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Refined high-content imaging-based phenotypic drug screening in zebrafish xenografts.NPJ precision oncology · 2023Review
- Combination of multiple omics techniques for a personalized therapy or treatment selection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Preclinical assessment of CAR-NK cell-mediated killing efficacy and pharmacokinetics in a rapid zebrafish xenograft model of metastatic breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Actin cytoskeleton remodeling at the cancer cell side of the immunological synapse: good, bad, or both?Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Review
- Applying a clinical lens to animal models of CAR-T cell therapies.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2022Review
- In vivo 3D profiling of site-specific human cancer cell morphotypes in zebrafish.The Journal of cell biology · 2022Article
- What Zebrafish and Nanotechnology Can Offer for Cancer Treatments in the Age of Personalized Medicine.Cancers · 2022Review
- Article
- Interleukin-15 and chemokine ligand 19 enhance cytotoxic effects of chimeric antigen receptor T cells using zebrafish xenograft model of gastric cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Single-cell imaging of T cell immunotherapy responses in vivo.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2021Article
- Review
- Targeted therapy of human leukemia xenografts in immunodeficient zebrafish.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Tipping the Scales With Zebrafish to Understand Adaptive Tumor Immunity.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have proven to be a powerful cellular therapy for B cell malignancies. Massive efforts are now being undertaken to reproduce the high efficacy of CAR T cells in the treatment of other malignancies. Here, predictive preclinical model systems are important, and the current gold standard for preclinical evaluation of CAR T cells are mouse xenografts. However, mouse xenograft assays are expensive and slow. Therefore, an additional vertebrate in vivo assay would be beneficial to bridge the gap from in vitro to mouse xenografts. Here, we present a novel assay based on embryonic zebrafish xenografts to investigate CAR T cell-mediated killing of human cancer cells. Using a CD19-specific CAR and Nalm-6 leukemia cells, we show that live observation of killing of Nalm-6 cells by CAR T cells is possible in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, we applied Fiji macros enabling automated quantification of Nalm-6 cells and CAR T cells over time. In conclusion, we provide a proof-of-principle study that embryonic zebrafish xenografts can be used to investigate CAR T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. This assay is cost-effective, fast, and offers live imaging possibilities to directly investigate CAR T cell migration, engagement, and killing of effector cells.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.