ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2020
The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed.
- An Overview of Epidemiological Tools That Support the Progress of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control in Southeast Asia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Assessing the effects of limited vaccine supply on risk-based vaccination strategies in regions of endemic foot-and-mouth disease.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- First Serological Evidence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Infection Among Sheep and Goats in Selected Districts of Central Bangladesh.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Immunohistochemical Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Carrier African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer).Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Article
- The whole genome sequencing offers insights into the susceptibility to the foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier state.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Goats in Uganda: A Risk-Based Approach.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein antibody detection: from DIVA serology to repeated-epitope design and multi-species field surveillance.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Field Evidence ofVaccines · 2025Article
- Integrated multiomics reveals host-virus coadaptation in persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- Article
- Epidemiology and economics of foot-and-mouth disease: current understanding and knowledge gaps.Veterinary research · 2025Review
- Qualitative Risk Assessment of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Introduction and Transmission to Dairy Farms via Raw Milk Transportation in Thailand: A Scenario-Based Approach.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus: current understandings and knowledge gaps.Veterinary research · 2025Review
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Produced inVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Controlling endemic foot-and-mouth disease: Vaccination is more important than movement bans. A simulation study in the Republic of Turkey.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2025Article
- Spatial and temporal patterns of foot and mouth disease outbreaks (2011-2022) in cattle export-sourcing areas of southeastern Ethiopia.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Systematic follow-up investigation of NSP seroreactors and in-contact cattle and buffaloes for foot-and-mouth disease virus using probang sampling.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Differential mosaicism of recombinant foot-and-mouth disease viruses resulting from heterologous superinfection of cattle.Journal of virology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The existence of a prolonged, subclinical phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle was first recognized in the 1950s. Since then, the FMDV carrier state has been a subject of controversy amongst scientists and policymakers. A fundamental conundrum remains in the discordance between the detection of infectious FMDV in carriers and the apparent lack of contagiousness to in-contact animals. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the causal mechanisms of persistent FMDV infection, there are still critical knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to elucidate, predict, prevent, and model the risks associated with the carrier state. This is further complicated by the occurrence of a distinct form of neoteric subclinical infection, which is indistinguishable from the carrier state in field scenarios, but may have substantially different epidemiological properties. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the FMDV carrier state and identifies specific areas of research in need of further attention. Findings from experimental investigations of FMDV pathogenesis are discussed in relation to experience gained from field studies of foot-and-mouth disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.