SynthesisAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2020
The Nutritional Composition and Energy Content of Donor Human Milk: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review on the Impact of Donor Characteristics and Donor Milk Handling on Infant Health and Growth.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Donor human milk versus infant formula for low-risk infants: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of contaminants in donor human milk.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Calcium, zinc, and vitamin D in breast milk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Pooled it
- Associations Between Breast Milk Energy Intake, Infant Sleep Duration and Time Until Next Feed.Clocks & sleep · 2026Article
- Macronutrient and bioactive profiles of donor milk differ in commercial vs non-profit milk banks.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Article
- Osmolality of fortified human milk with contemporary human milk fortifiers.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2026Article
- Impact of breast milk composition on nutritional status of term neonates with congenital heart defects: A prospective study.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Effect of Random Multi-Donor Pooling on the Nutritional Variability in Donor Human Milk Using Computer Modeling.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Enhanced fortification of human milk to meet preterm infant nutritional targets.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional study of macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive components in human milk of approved milk bank donors from low-, middle-, and high-income countries.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Macronutrient and Bioactive Profiles of Donor Milk Differ in Commercial vs Non-Profit Milk Banks.Research square · 2025Article
- Improved Growth Velocity Using a New Liquid Human Milk Fortifier in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Multicenter, Retrospective Study.American journal of perinatology · 2025Article
- Early human milk feeding: Relationship to intestinal barrier maturation and postnatal growth.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Impact of Enteral Nutrition on Clinical Outcomes in Very Low Birth Weight Infants in the NICU: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Safety of antenatal breastmilk expression from week 34 of pregnancy: a randomized controlled pilot study (The Express-MOM study).Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology · 2025Article
- Enhanced versus standard fortification of pasteurized donor human milk for growth in very low birth weight infants: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- The need for high quality research regarding donor human milk supplementation in moderately-late preterm and early-term infants.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- The Unsung Heroes: The Profile of the Donor at a Southern Italian Milk Bank and Driving Factors in Human Milk Donation.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends donor human milk (DHM) as the preferred feeding strategy for preterm infants when the milk of the mother is unavailable, based on conclusive evidence of lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis with DHM feedings compared with preterm infant formula. The nutritional composition of DHM may differ from maternal milk for many reasons including differences in maternal characteristics, milk collection methods, and the impact of donor milk banking practices. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the literature regarding research on the fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral composition of DHM obtained through nonprofit milk banks or commercial entities. PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published between 1985 and 30 April, 2019. In total, 164 abstracts were screened independently by 2 investigators, and 14 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies were predominantly small (<50 samples) and measured macronutrients. Few studies assessed vitamins and minerals. Information bias was prevalent due to the use of a variety of analytical methods which influence accuracy and cross-study comparisons. Other sources of information bias included missing information regarding methods for protein and calorie assessment. Despite these limitations, existing research suggests the potential for 2-fold and greater differences in the fat, protein, and energy composition of DHM, with mean values for energy and fat often below clinical reference values expected for human milk. Further research is warranted regarding the nutritional composition of DHM, with a prioritization on measuring macronutrients and micronutrients using established reference methods.
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