ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2020
Characterizing the Dysfunctional NK Cell: Assessing the Clinical Relevance of Exhaustion, Anergy, and Senescence.
Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 140 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasma membrane order maps functional diversity in immune cells.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- Ascites reprograms innate lymphoid immune cells in ovarian cancer by promoting ILC2 enrichment and dysfunctional NK-cell states.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Therapeutic bacteria-trained NK cells confer long-term protection against cancer metastasis.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Intratumoral TIGIT blockade augments antitumor responses and bypasses increased functionality of peripheral TIGIT+ NK cells in mouse and human models of bone and soft tissue sarcoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Trogocytosis in cancer immunity and cellular immunotherapy: mechanisms, therapeutic challenges, and translational opportunities.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Therapy-Driven Molecular Evolution of Bladder Cancer: Roles of Cellular Plasticity and Tumor Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Establishment and characterization of NKMS-1, a novel mouse NK cell line.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Transcriptional networks weaving natural killer anti-tumor immune response.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Immune Exhaustion in Chronic Infection and Cancer: Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Interventions.MedComm · 2026Review
- Type 2 inflammation accelerates CD4Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2026Article
- Breaking barriers in pulmonary health of patients with metabolic diseases: senolytics and beyond.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Programmed cell death-1: from a T-cell immune checkpoint to a regulator of Natural Killer cell biology.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Tumor immunosenescence drives breast cancer progression and therapeutic resistance: mechanisms and emerging interventions.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- SLy1-deficiency results in functional impaired, exhausted and senescent NK cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Multidimensional plasticity of natural killer cells in tumours.Cell death & disease · 2025Review
- Article
- Divergent on-target off-tumor effects by CAR T and CAR NK cells suggest different efficacy and safety of cell therapies.Oncoimmunology · 2025Article
- Aging and lung diseases: Unraveling mechanisms and therapeutic targets.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2025Review
- Immunosenescence and organoids: pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Review
- Phenotypes, mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies of natural killer cell immunosenescence.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Review
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is a growing body of literature demonstrating the importance of T cell exhaustion in regulating and shaping immune responses to pathogens and cancer. Simultaneously, the parallel development of therapeutic antibodies targeting inhibitory molecules associated with immune exhaustion (such as PD-1, but also TIGIT, and LAG-3) has led to a revolution in oncology with dramatic benefits in a growing list of solid and hematologic malignancies. Given this success in reinvigorating exhausted T cells and the related anti-tumor effects, there are increasing efforts to apply immune checkpoint blockade to other exhausted immune cells beyond T cells. One approach involves the reinvigoration of "exhausted" NK cells, a non-T, non-B lymphoid cell of the innate immune system. However, in contrast to the more well-defined and established molecular, genetic, and immunophenotypic characteristics of T cell exhaustion, a consensus on the defining functional and phenotypic features of NK "exhaustion" is less clear. As is well-known from T cell biology, separate and distinct molecular and cellular processes including senescence, anergy and exhaustion can lead to diminished immune effector function with different implications for immune regulation and recovery. For NK cells, it is unclear if exhaustion, anergy, and senescence entail separate and distinct entities of dysfunction, though all are typically characterized by decreased effector function or proliferation. In this review, we seek to define these distinct spheres of NK cell dysfunction, analyzing how they have been shown to impact NK biology and clinical applications, and ultimately highlight key characteristics in NK cell function, particularly in relation to the role of "exhaustion."
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.