Tailor-Made Surgery Based on Functional Networks for Intractable Epilepsy.

Normal and pathological networks related to seizure propagation have got attention to elucide complex seizure semiology and contribute to diagnosis and surgical monitoring in epilepsy treatment. Since focal and generalized epileptogenic syndromes abnormalities might involve multiple foci and large-scale networks, we applied electrophysiolpgy (cortco-cortico evoked potential; CCEP), and tractography to make detailed diagnosis for complex syndrome. All 14 epilepsy patients with no or little abnormality on images investigations underwent subdural grid implantation for epilepsy diagnosis. To perform quick network analysis, we recorded and analyzed high gamma activity (HGA) of epileptogenic activity and CCEPs to identify pathological activity distribution and network connectivity. [Results] Pathological CCEPs showed two negative deflections consisting of early (>40 ms) and late (>150 ms) components in electrically stable circumstance at bed side and early CCEPs appeared in 57% of the patients. On the basis of the CCEP findings, tractography detected anatomical connections. Early components of pathological CCEPs diminished after complete disconnection of tractoography-based fibers between the foci in seven of eight cases. One case with residual pathological CCEPs showed poorer outcome. Thirteen (92.8%) patients with or without CCEPs who underwent network surgery had favorable prognosis except for a case with wide traumatic epilepsy. Intraoperative CCEP measurements and HGA mapping enabled visualization of pathological networks and clinical impotence as a biomarker to improve functional prognosis. HGA/CCEP recording should shed light on pathological and complex propagation for epilepsy surgery.