ArticleEnvironment international2020
A comprehensive analysis of racial disparities in chemical biomarker concentrations in United States women, 1999-2014.
Article in Environment international, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bioavailability of and US Infant Exposure to Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyls from Human Milk and Infant Formula: Results from a Series of Systematic Reviews.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Implementation: How the Amended Law Has Failed to Protect Vulnerable Populations from Toxic Chemicals in the United States.Environmental science & technology · 2022Pooled it
- The Effect of Individual or Study-Wide Report-Back on Knowledge, Concern, and Exposure-Reducing Behaviors Related to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Trial
- Guiding Risk Reduction for Breast Cancer-Relevant Chemicals (BC-Chems): Chemical Production Volumes, Sources, Intake Levels, Emissions, and Regulations.Environmental health perspectives · 2026Article
- The combined impact of chemical and non-chemical stressors on adverse health outcomes: an overview of reviews from the epidemiological literature and experimental animal studies.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Review
- Identification of chemicals targeting dementia genes and pathways in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Racial and ethnic disparities in environmental chemical exposures and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The ECHO-wide cohort study.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Article
- Exploring the Influence of Chemical Exposures in Breast Cancer Disparities: High-Throughput Transcriptomic Analysis in Normal Breast Cells from Diverse Donors.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Clean beauty gentrification: The role of historic and contemporary resource allocation practices on hair product safety in Boston, MA.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Psychosocial stressors as modifiers of the associations between well-studied and understudied chemicals and birth outcomes in the ECHO Cohort.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Article
- Microglia as critical mediators linking perinatal immune stress to mental health trajectories.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer: evidence, mechanisms, and risk management.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Identification of chemicals targeting dementia genes and pathways in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Risk-based mapping of pesticide usage and social vulnerability in the contiguous United States.BMC public health · 2025Article
- What do people need to know about endocrine disrupting chemicals and health? A mental models approach using focus groups of community-engaged research teams and a national survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Agricultural Pesticides on BIPOC Communities in the United States: A Review from an Environmental Justice Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- Racial and ethnic differences in prenatal exposure to environmental phenols and parabens in the ECHO Cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Associations of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Boston Birth Cohort.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde Releasing Preservatives in Personal Care Products Used by Black Women and Latinas.Environmental science & technology letters · 2025Article
- Review
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStark racial disparities in disease incidence among American women remain a persistent public health challenge. These disparities likely result from complex interactions between genetic, social, lifestyle, and environmental risk factors. The influence of environmental risk factors, such as chemical exposure, however, may be substantial and is poorly understood.
objectivesWe quantitatively evaluated chemical-exposure disparities by race/ethnicity, life stage, and time in United States (US) women (n = 38,080) by using biomarker data for 143 chemicals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2014.
methodsWe applied a series of survey-weighted, generalized linear models using data from the entire NHANES women population along with cycle and age-group stratified subpopulations. The outcome was chemical biomarker concentration, and the main predictor was race/ethnicity with adjustment for age, socioeconomic status, smoking habits, and NHANES cycle.
resultsCompared to non-Hispanic White women, the highest disparities were observed for non-Hispanic Black, Mexican American, Other Hispanic, and Other Race/Multi-Racial women with higher levels of pesticides and their metabolites, including 2,5-dichlorophenol, o,p'-DDE, beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, and 2,4-dichlorophenol, along with personal care and consumer product compounds, including parabens and monoethyl phthalate, as well as several metals, such as mercury and arsenic. Moreover, for Mexican American, Other Hispanic, and non-Hispanic black women, there were several exposure disparities that persisted across age groups, such as higher 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenol concentrations. Exposure levels for methyl and propyl parabens, however, were the highest in non-Hispanic black compared to non-Hispanic white children with average differences exceeding 4-fold. Exposure disparities for methyl and propyl parabens are increasing over time in Other Race/Multi-Racial women while fluctuating for non-Hispanic Black, Mexican American, and Other Hispanic. Cotinine levels are among the highest in Non-Hispanic White women compared to Mexican American and Other Hispanic women with disparities plateauing and increasing, respectively. DISCUSSION: We systematically evaluated differences in chemical exposures across women of various race/ethnic groups and across age groups and time. Our findings could help inform chemical prioritization in designing epidemiological and toxicological studies. In addition, they could help guide public health interventions to reduce environmental and health disparities across populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.