ArticleBMC nephrology2020
The burden of unrecognised chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes at a county hospital clinic in Kenya: implications to care and need for screening.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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11 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Underutilization of albuminuria screening in adults with diabetes mellitus or hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of nephropathy among patients with diabetes mellitus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among persons with type 2 diabetes in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Determinants of primary healthcare physicians' knowledge of diabetic kidney disease.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2026Article
- Chronic Kidney Disease Screening Practice Among High-Risk Patients During Follow-Up in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.Health services insights · 2026Review
- Kidney disease screening at ART initiation among adults with HIV in Uganda: A missed priority for a high-risk population.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic kidney disease in Malagasy patients with diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study at a University Hospital Center in Antananarivo, Madagascar.BMC nephrology · 2025Article
- Prescription pattern, glycemic control status, and predictors of poor glycemic control among diabetic patients with comorbid chronic kidney disease in Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Prevalence of dyslipidemia among persons with type 2 diabetes in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated factors among adult diabetic patients: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2024Article
- Development and Validation of Self-Management Infographics for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Kenya.Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.)Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes enhances the cardiovascular risk profiles and disease, and is a strong predictor of progression to end-stage kidney disease. Early diagnosis is encouraged for referral to specialist kidney care to initiate active management that would optimize outcomes including forestalling progression to end-stage kidney disease. This study was conducted in a regional referral public health facility in Central Kenya with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. It was aimed at finding out the burden of undiagnosed chronic kidney disease in their clinic of ambulatory patients with type 2 diabetes who dwell mainly in the rural area.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at the out-patient of Nyeri County hospital. A total of 385 patients were enrolled over 5 months. Informed consent was obtained and clinical evaluation was done, a spot sample of urine obtained for albuminuria and venous blood drawn for HbA1c, Lipids and serum creatinine. Estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated using the Cockroft-Gault equation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was classified on KDIGO scale. Albuminuria was reported as either positive or negative. Descriptive statistics for data summary and regression analysis were employed on SPSS v23.
resultsA total of 385 participants were included in the study, 252 (65.5%) were females. There were 39.0% (95%CI 34.3-44.2) patients in CKD/KDIGO stages 3, 4 and 5 and 32.7% (95%CI, 27.8-37.4) had Albuminuria. The risk factors that were significantly associated with chronic kidney disease/KDIGO stages 3, 4 and 5 were: age > 50 years, long duration with diabetes > 5 years and hypertension. Employment and paradoxically, obesity reduced the odds of having CKD, probably as markers of better socio-economic status.
conclusionUnrecognized CKD of KDIGO stages 3,4 and 5 occurred in over 30 % of the study patients. The risk factors of hypertension, age above 50, long duration of diabetes should help identify those at high risk of developing CKD, for screening and linkage to care. They are at high risk of progression to end-stage kidney disease and cardiovascular events. The imperative of screening for chronic kidney disease is availing care in publicly-funded hospitals.
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