ArticleThe Journal of head trauma rehabilitation
Behavior Problems Following Childhood TBI: The Role of Sex, Age, and Time Since Injury.
Article in The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Caregiver and Child Behavioral Health Service Utilization Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2021Pooled it
- Pediatric traumatic brain injury elicits acute neuroinflammation and long-term changes in social, cognitive, and decision-making behaviors in male and female rats.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Mild pediatric traumatic brain injury has sex-specific effects on neuroimmune cells and social behavior in rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Childhood Mild Traumatic Brain Injury is Reliably Associated with Anxiety but Not Other Examined Psychiatric Outcomes at Two-Year Follow-up, After Adjusting for Prior Mental Health.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Developmental functions of microglia: Impact of psychosocial and physiological early life stress.Neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Incidence of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) during the working hours of parents and caregivers in Saudi Arabia: A survey study.Surgical neurology international · 2024Article
- Sex and Age-at-Injury as Determinants of Social Behavior Outcomes After TBI.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Abnormal structural and functional network topological properties associated with left prefrontal, parietal, and occipital cortices significantly predict childhood TBI-related attention deficits: A semi-supervised deep learning study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Article
- Health-Related Quality of Life after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Qualitative Comparison of Perspectives of Children and Adolescents after TBI and a Comparison Group without a History of TBI.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Sex specific effects of buprenorphine on behavior, astrocytic opioid receptor expression and neuroinflammation after pediatric traumatic brain injury in mice.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Article
- Oxcarbazepine for Behavioral Disorders after Brain Injury: Factors Influencing Efficacy.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- As Time Goes by: Understanding Child and Family Factors Shaping Behavioral Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the frequency of behavioral problems after childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their associations with injury severity, sex, and social environmental factors.
settingChildren's hospitals in the Midwestern/Western United States.
participants381 boys and 210 girls with moderate (n = 359) and severe (n = 227) TBI, with an average age at injury of 11.7 years (range 0.3-18) who were injured ≤3 years ago.
designSecondary data analysis of a multistudy cohort. MAIN MEASURES: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) administered pretreatment.
resultsThirty-seven percent had borderline/clinical elevations on the CBCL Total Problem Scale, with comparable rates of Internalizing and Externalizing problems (33% and 31%, respectively). Less parental education was associated with higher rates of internalizing, externalizing, and total problems. Time since injury had a linear association with internalizing symptoms, with greater symptoms at longer postinjury intervals. Younger boys had significantly higher levels of oppositional defiant symptoms than girls, whereas older girls had significantly greater attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms than boys.
conclusionsPediatric TBI is associated with high rates of behavior problems, with lower socioeconomic status predicting substantially elevated risk. Associations of higher levels of internalizing symptoms with greater time since injury highlight the importance of tracking children over time.
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Registered trials
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