ArticleTobacco control2021
E-cigarette and cigarette purchasing among young adults before and after implementation of California's tobacco 21 policy.
Article in Tobacco control, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- What is the Relationship Between Raising the Minimum Legal Sales Age of Tobacco Above 20 and Cigarette Smoking? A Systematic Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and network meta-analysis of population-level interventions to tackle smoking behaviour.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review for the impacts of global approaches to regulating electronic nicotine products.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- College Students' Reported Sources of Nicotine Vapes and Cigarettes After California's Restriction on Flavored Tobacco Sales.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Associations between county-level e-cigarette-inclusive Tobacco 21 law population coverage and e-cigarette use behaviors among United States adolescents in Monitoring the Future.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of Tobacco 21 policies and youth tobacco use: implications for future policy research.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Assessing Nicotine Exposure in Users and Non-Users of Electronic Cigarettes Through Silicone Wristbands.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- E-cigarette access and age verification among adolescents, young adults, and adults.Addictive behaviors · 2025Article
- How adolescent tobacco use has responded to state tobacco 21 laws and flavor restrictions.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2025Article
- Lifecycle Management as a Roadmap to the Tobacco Endgame.World journal of clinical medicine research · 2025Article
- Reducing Commercial Tobacco Sales to Youth On and Around California Tribal Reservations With a Reward and Reminder Retail Intervention.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- A Qualitative Analysis of How Underage Adolescents Access Nicotine Vaping Products in Aotearoa New Zealand.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Underage sales signage in vape shops: Comparison of stores near and far from California colleges.Journal of American college health : J of ACH · 2023Article
- How do underage youth access e-cigarettes in settings with minimum age sales restriction laws? A scoping review.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Youth's exposure to and engagement with e-cigarette marketing on social media: a UK focus group study.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Rates of Age Verification for Cigarette and E-cigarette Purchases as a Function of State T21 Laws Before and After Implementation of the Federal T21 Law in the United States.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Associations between e-cigarette policies and adolescent use and access to e-cigarettes.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2023Article
- Minimum legal age laws and perceived access to cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and other substances among youth in Canada, England, and the United States: 2017-2021.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Restrictions and Adolescent Cigarette and E-cigarette Use in California.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Underage E-Cigarette Purchasing and Vaping Progression Among Young Adults.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTobacco 21 (T21) laws, which raise the minimum legal age of sale of tobacco products to 21, have been proposed and implemented in states and cities across the USA. However, limited data are available on the effect of T21 laws on youth tobacco purchasing behaviours and access to tobacco products.
methodsParticipants in a population-based prospective cohort in southern California completed questionnaires before (n=1609, age=18-19 y) and after (n=1502, age=19-20 y) T21 was implemented in California (June 2016). We examined the prevalence of past 30-day cigarette and e-cigarette use, and among past 30-day users, purchase location of tobacco products before (pre-) versus after (post-) T21. We also examined whether, post-T21, participants were refused purchase of tobacco products due to their age, and the perceived relative ease of purchasing cigarettes and e-cigarettes (vs pre-T21).
resultsNegligible changes in cigarette and e-cigarette use were observed pre-T21 versus post-T21. At both time points, the majority of past 30-day users purchased cigarettes from gas stations and e-cigarettes from vape shops. Post-T21, the proportion of participants who reported purchasing cigarettes at gas stations decreased. Post-T21, most past 30-day cigarette or e-cigarette users were not refused purchase of cigarettes (65.4%) or e-cigarettes (82.0%) in the past 30 days, despite being under 21; half of the participants felt it was harder to purchase cigarettes (54.3%) and e-cigarettes (43.6%) post-T21.
conclusionPost-T21, few participants were refused purchase of any tobacco product, despite the illegality of such sales. Better enforcement of T21 is needed to improve the efficacy of T21 legislation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.