ArticlePloS one2020
Measuring childhood maltreatment: Psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) scale.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Measures matter: assessing childhood maltreatment and emotion dysregulation in a transdiagnostic sample.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Childhood Maltreatment and Psychopathology: The Mediating Roles of Mentalizing and Attachment Styles.Psychopathology · 2026Article
- Childhood maltreatment, trauma, and pain: trauma-related symptoms as mediators in a high-risk group.Pain reports · 2026Article
- Differential effects of childhood maltreatment types and timing on psychopathology in formerly out-of-home placed young adults.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Childhood Maltreatment and Risk for Illicit Substance Use: Evidence for Mid-Adolescence as a Sensitive Exposure Period.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Young Adults with a History of Residential Youth Care: A Cohort Profile of a Hard-to-Reach Population.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Development and Validation of the Weighted Index for Childhood Adverse Conditions (WICAC).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Measuring early life adversity: A dimensional approach.Development and psychopathology · 2022Review
- Measuring types and timing of childhood maltreatment: The psychometric properties of the KERF-40.PloS one · 2022Article
- Article
- Strong Associations Between Childhood Victimization and Community Violence in Male Forensic Mental Health Patients.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
purposeAdverse childhood experiences in sensitive periods of the developing brain render the individual at a life-long risk for a broad spectrum of aberrant health outcomes. However, there is a lack of scales for the comprehensive assessment of adverse childhood experiences providing information of various types and the age of occurrence. Based on the complete, experimental version of the Maltreatment and abuse chronology of exposure (MACE-X) scale, the present study aimed to develop and psychometrically test a Norwegian version of MACE.
methodsThe 75-item MACE-X was translated from German to Norwegian and administered as a self-report measure to 90 outpatients and 145 employees at a Division of specialized mental health care in South-Eastern Norway. The outpatients also completed the Childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and the Symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90) to investigate convergent and predictive validity. To investigate test-retest reliability, outpatients completed MACE once more two weeks later.
resultsRasch analysis and Anderson likelihood ratio tests on the combined outpatient and employee data resulted in a 55 item version of the Norwegian MACE. In the outpatient group, test-retest reliability of the MACE-55 was excellent for total scores (ICC ≥ 0.94) and good to excellent for 10 subscale scores (ICC ≥ 0.82). Convergent validity with the CTQ was moderate to high for both total scores (0.63 ≥ r ≥ 0.86) and subscale scores (0.56 ≥ r ≥ 0.82). As compared to CTQ total scores, a MACE total score that combined severity and duration of exposure was numerically more strongly associated with overall psychiatric symptoms and each of nine symptom domains on the SCL-90.
conclusionsThe newly developed Norwegian MACE comprehensively assesses past exposure to adverse childhood experiences with high psychometric properties. This scale is a useful tool for research questions addressing sensitive periods for childhood adversities and associated health phenotypes.
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