Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32102975›Full record

ReviewNeurology2020

Disease modification and biomarker development in Parkinson disease: Revision or reconstruction?

Alberto J Espay, Lorraine V Kalia, Ziv Gan-Or, Caroline H Williams-Gray, Philippe L Bedard, Steven M Rowe, Francesca Morgante, Alfonso Fasano, Benjamin Stecher, Marcelo A Kauffman and 16 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Neurology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
68citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
9.1field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

68 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 133 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
    Pooled it
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  3. Baseline peripheral inflammatory profiles predict phenoconversion in prodromal Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal cohort study.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2026
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8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Alberto J EspayFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI. alberto.espay@uc.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-3389-136X
Lorraine V KaliaFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Ziv Gan-OrFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Caroline H Williams-GrayFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Philippe L BedardFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.ORCID 0000-0002-6771-2999
Steven M RoweFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Francesca MorganteFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Alfonso FasanoFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Benjamin StecherFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Marcelo A KauffmanFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Matthew J FarrerFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.ORCID 0000-0003-1159-5321
Chris S CoffeyFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Michael A SchwarzschildFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Todd ShererFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Ronald B PostumaFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Antonio P StrafellaFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Andrew B SingletonFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Roger A BarkerFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Karl KieburtzFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
C Warren OlanowFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Andres LozanoFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Jeffrey H KordowerFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Jesse M CedarbaumFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
Patrik BrundinFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.
David G StandaertFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.ORCID 0000-0003-2921-8348
Anthony E LangFrom the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI.ORCID 0000-0003-1229-3667
Toronto Western Hospital · CA

Funding

UAB CF Research and Translation Core CenterP30DK072482 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI Brian R. Davis · 2007 to 2026
$23.0M
Project 3: LRRK2 mediated macrophage responses in PDP50NS108675 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI STANDAERT, DAVID G. · 2018 to 2022
$9.9M
Medical Research Council MC_PC_12009Medical Research Council MC_PC_17230Medical Research Council MR/R007446/1NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK072482NINDS NIH HHS P50 NS108675Wellcome Trust 203151/Z/16/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A fundamental question in advancing Parkinson disease (PD) research is whether it represents one disorder or many. Does each genetic PD inform a common pathobiology or represent a unique entity? Do the similarities between genetic and idiopathic forms of PD outweigh the differences? If aggregates of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are present in most (α-synucleinopathies), are they also etiopathogenically significant in each (α-synuclein pathogenesis)? Does it matter that postmortem studies in PD have demonstrated that mixed protein-aggregate pathology is the rule and pure α-synucleinopathy the exception? Should we continue to pursue convergent biomarkers that are representative of the diverse whole of PD or subtype-specific, divergent biomarkers, present in some but absent in most? Have clinical trials that failed to demonstrate efficacy of putative disease-modifying interventions been true failures (shortcomings of the hypotheses, which should be rejected) or false failures (shortcomings of the trials; hypotheses should be preserved)? Each of these questions reflects a nosologic struggle between the lumper's clinicopathologic model that embraces heterogeneity of one disease and the splitter's focus on a pathobiology-specific set of diseases. Most important, even if PD is not a single disorder, can advances in biomarkers and disease modification be revised to concentrate on pathologic commonalities in large, clinically defined populations? Or should our efforts be reconstructed to focus on smaller subgroups of patients, distinguished by well-defined molecular characteristics, regardless of their phenotypic classification? Will our clinical trial constructs be revised to target larger and earlier, possibly even prodromal, cohorts? Or should our trials efforts be reconstructed to target smaller but molecularly defined presymptomatic or postsymptomatic cohorts? At the Krembil Knowledge Gaps in Parkinson's Disease Symposium, the tentative answers to these questions were discussed, informed by the failures and successes of the fields of breast cancer and cystic fibrosis.

Indexed as

BiomarkersHumansParkinson DiseaseBiomarkers

Identifiers

PMID32102975
PMCPMC7220234
OpenAlexW3000501046

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.