ReviewNutrients2020
Bioactive Factors in Human Breast Milk Attenuate Intestinal Inflammation during Early Life.
Review in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors associated with ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Human Milk: A Systematic Review of Concentrations and Potential Health Implications.Current environmental health reports · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of enteral insulin on enteral diet tolerance in premature infants: systematic review.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Enteral Feeding Interventions in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Breast Milk Enema and Meconium Evacuation Among Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Combined HMOs and α-MFGM Ameliorate LPS-Induced Intestinal Mucosal and Systemic Immune Dysfunction via Modulation of Gut Microbiota.Nutrients · 2026Article
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- The Human Milk Microbiome in Mothers of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants: A Systematic Review of Recent Clinical Studies.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Early growth restriction disrupts mice intestinal clock and homeostasis without being prevented by lactoferrin.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding in term and preterm infants with and without growth restriction: A 50-year analysis of incidence and duration.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Relationship between gut microbiota establishment patterns and the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Adipokines and Growth Factors in Preterm and Term Breast Milk and Their Role in Infant Growth.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Breastfeeding in Infancy and Adult Health: A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Development and functional adaptation of intestinal macrophages across the lifespan.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Review
- Associations of Lactoferrin-Fortified Formula with Infant Growth and Gut Microbiota: A Real-World Observational Study.Nutrients · 2025Observational
- Digging deeper into necrotizing enterocolitis: bridging clinical, microbial, and molecular perspectives.Gut microbes · 2025Review
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human breast milk is well known as the ideal source of nutrition during early life, ensuring optimal growth during infancy and early childhood. Breast milk is also the source of many unique and dynamic bioactive components that play a key role in the development of the immune system. These bioactive components include essential microbes, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. These factors all interact with intestinal commensal bacteria and/or immune cells, playing a critical role in establishment of the intestinal microbiome and ultimately influencing intestinal inflammation and gut health during early life. Exposure to breast milk has been associated with a decreased incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a devastating disease characterized by overwhelming intestinal inflammation and high morbidity among preterm infants. For this reason, breast milk is considered a protective factor against NEC and aberrant intestinal inflammation common in preterm infants. In this review, we will describe the key microbial, immunological, and metabolic components of breast milk that have been shown to play a role in the mechanisms of intestinal inflammation and/or NEC prevention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.