ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain-Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- EEG biomarkers of the sense of embodiment: methodological gaps and evidence-based recommendations from a systematic review.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Comparison of immersive and non-immersive virtual reality for upper extremity functional recovery in patients with stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Pooled it
- Transfer of motor skill between virtual reality viewed using a head-mounted display and conventional screen environments.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2020Trial
- Effectiveness of Immersive and Embodied Enhancement via "Virtual Reality" on the Sustainability of Hand Hygiene Compliance:Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of a School-Based Training Program.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Virtual and Augmented Reality for Cognitive and Language Rehabilitation in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Thalamus: a real-time system for synchronized, closed-loop multimodal behavioral and electrophysiological data capture.Communications engineering · 2026Article
- Controlling Virtual Reality With Brain Signals: State of the Art of Using VR-Based Feedback in Neurofeedback Applications.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2025Review
- Virtual Reality for Balance in Individuals With Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Assessment and Intervention Strategies.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Review
- Impact of an upper limb motion-driven virtual rehabilitation system on residual motor function in patients with complete spinal cord injury： a pilot study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Vivid illusions and realtime feedback in VR-improved motor imagery and motivation of stroke patients with impaired motor imagery.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- When embodiment matters most: a confirmatory study on VR priming in motor imagery brain-computer interfaces training.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Effects of a Virtual Reality Reaction Training Protocol on Physical and Cognitive Skills of Young Adults and Their Neural Correlates: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Advances in Stroke Neurorehabilitation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- The effect of combining action observation in virtual reality with kinesthetic motor imagery on cortical activity.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Embodiment for Robotic Lower-Limb Exoskeletons: A Narrative Review.IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · 2023Article
- Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment.Virtual reality · 2023Article
- Action-rule-based cognitive control enables efficient execution of stimulus-response conflict tasks: a model validation of Simon task performance.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- Embodiment Comfort Levels During Motor Imagery Training Combined With Immersive Virtual Reality in a Spinal Cord Injury Patient.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Machine learning in biosignals processing for mental health: A narrative review.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Review
- Virtual Reality for Neurorehabilitation and Cognitive Enhancement.Brain sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for motor rehabilitation aim to "close the loop" between attempted motor commands and sensory feedback by providing supplemental information when individuals successfully achieve specific brain patterns. Existing EEG-based BCIs use various displays to provide feedback, ranging from displays considered more immersive (e.g., head-mounted display virtual reality (HMD-VR)) to displays considered less immersive (e.g., computer screens). However, it is not clear whether more immersive displays improve neurofeedback performance and whether there are individual performance differences in HMD-VR versus screen-based neurofeedback. In this pilot study, we compared neurofeedback performance in HMD-VR versus a computer screen in 12 healthy individuals and examined whether individual differences on two measures (i.e., presence, embodiment) were related to neurofeedback performance in either environment. We found that, while participants' performance on the BCI was similar between display conditions, the participants' reported levels of embodiment were significantly different. Specifically, participants experienced higher levels of embodiment in HMD-VR compared to a computer screen. We further found that reported levels of embodiment positively correlated with neurofeedback performance only in HMD-VR. Overall, these preliminary results suggest that embodiment may relate to better performance on EEG-based BCIs and that HMD-VR may increase embodiment compared to computer screens.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.