ArticlePLoS pathogens2020
Characterising viable virus from air exhaled by H1N1 influenza-infected ferrets reveals the importance of haemagglutinin stability for airborne infectivity.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2 air sampling: A systematic review on the methodologies for detection and infectivity.Indoor air · 2022Pooled it
- HA thermostability mutations S84F, G167N, and D168N potentiate H9N2 virus transmission in a warming environment.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Influence of Carbon Dioxide and pH on Influenza Virus in Sessile Saliva Droplets.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Isoleucine at position 137 of haemagglutinin acts as a mammalian adaptation marker of H9N2 avian influenza virus.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Replication in human cells supersedes serum antigenic match for the in vivo efficacy of an A/H1N1pdm09 LAIV virus.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Controlled human influenza infection reveals heterogeneous expulsion of infectious virus into air.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 variants retain high airborne transmissibility by different strategies.Npj viruses · 2025Article
- Chronic CRYPTOCHROME deficiency enhances cell-intrinsic antiviral defences.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals.Nature · 2025Review
- Influenza A(H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Influenza B viruses are more susceptible to high temperatures than influenza A viruses.Npj viruses · 2024Article
- Molecular Markers and Mechanisms of Influenza A Virus Cross-Species Transmission and New Host Adaptation.Viruses · 2024Review
- Article
- Propylene glycol inactivates respiratory viruses and prevents airborne transmission.EMBO molecular medicine · 2023Article
- Omicron breakthrough infections in vaccinated or previously infected hamsters.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Hemagglutinin destabilization in H3N2 vaccine reference viruses skews antigenicity and prevents airborne transmission in ferrets.Science advances · 2023Article
- Kinetics and magnitude of viral RNA shedding as indicators for Influenza A virus transmissibility in ferrets.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Epidemic spreading under mutually independent intra- and inter-host pathogen evolution.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Virus transmission by ultrasonic scaler and its prevention by antiviral agent: An in vitro study.Journal of periodontology · 2022Article
- Swine H1N1 Influenza Virus Variants with Enhanced Polymerase Activity and HA Stability Promote Airborne Transmission in Ferrets.Journal of virology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The transmissibility and pandemic potential of influenza viruses depends on their ability to efficiently replicate and be released from an infected host, retain viability as they pass through the environment, and then initiate infection in the next host. There is a significant gap in knowledge about viral properties that enable survival of influenza viruses between hosts, due to a lack of experimental methods to reliably isolate viable virus from the air. Using a novel technique, we isolate and characterise infectious virus from droplets emitted by 2009 pandemic H1N1-infected ferrets. We demonstrate that infectious virus is predominantly released early after infection. A virus containing a mutation destabilising the haemagglutinin (HA) surface protein displayed reduced survival in air. Infectious virus recovered from droplets exhaled by ferrets inoculated with this virus contained mutations that conferred restabilisation of HA, indicating the importance of influenza HA stability for between-host survival. Using this unique approach can improve knowledge about the determinants and mechanisms of influenza transmissibility and ultimately could be applied to studies of airborne virus exhaled from infected people.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.