ArticlePloS one2020
The ESAS-score: A histological severity grading system of subarachnoid hemorrhage using the modified double hemorrhage model in rats.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combination of Albumin and Cilostazol Improves Outcomes in a Rodent Model of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- L arginine and radiofrequency electromagnetic field attenuate inflammatory and apoptotic injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Dexpanthenol and parallel stress-response alterations in the subacute phase after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Amantadine Attenuates Secondary Oxidative and Inflammatory Injury by Modulating the HIF-1α/BNIP3L/HMGB1 Axis in Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Effects of Tasimelteon Treatment on Traumatic Brain Injury Through NRF-2/HO-1 and RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL Pathways in Rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Urapidil as a neuroprotective agent: targeting hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress in traumatic brain injury.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2025Article
- Establishment of a novel protocol for assessing the severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage in circle Willis perforation mouse model.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- The impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on cerebral vasospasm in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2021Article
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5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe amount of extravasated blood is an established surrogate marker for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) severity, which varies in different experimental SAH (eSAH) models. A comprehensive eSAH grading system would allow a more reliable correlation of outcome parameters with SAH severity. The aim of this study was to define a severity score for eSAH related to the Fisher-Score in humans. MATERIAL AND
methodsSAH was induced in 135 male rats using the modified double hemorrhage model. A sham group included 8 rats, in which saline solution instead of blood was injected. Histological analysis with HE(hematoxylin-eosin)-staining for the visualization of blood was performed in all rats on day 5. The amount and distribution of blood within the subarachnoid space and ventricles (IVH) was analyzed.
resultsThe mortality rate was 49.6% (71/143). In all except five SAH rats, blood was visible within the subarachnoid space. As expected, no blood was detected in the sham group. The following eSAH severity score was established (ESAS-score): grade I: no SAH visible; grade II: local or diffuse thin SAH, no IVH; grade III: diffuse / thick layers of blood, no IVH; grade IV: additional IVH. Grade I was seen in five rats (7.9%), grade II in 28.6% (18/63), grade III in 41.3% (26/63) and grade IV in 22.2% (14/63) of the rats with eSAH.
conclusionThe double hemorrhage model allows the induction of a high grade SAH in more than 60% of the rats, making it suitable for the evaluation of outcome parameters in severe SAH.
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