ArticleThe Journal of urology2020
Women's Perceptions of Public Restrooms and the Relationships with Toileting Behaviors and Bladder Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in The Journal of urology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toileting Behaviors and Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Premenopausal Women: A Case-Control Study.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- A mixed-methods scoping review on bladder self-care practices in women with and without lower urinary tract symptoms.Continence (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Construction and validation of a nomogram model for prediction of overactive bladder in female nurses.Medicine · 2025Article
- Under-Investigated and Underestimated: Disparities in Toilet and Sanitation Insecurity in a Sample of United States Adults.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2025Article
- Toileting and Bladder Health in the Gig Economy.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2025Article
- Associations Between U.S. Women's Toileting Behaviors and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of RISE for HEALTH Study Data.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- Exploring women's bladder self-care practices: A qualitative secondary analysis.Journal of advanced nursing · 2025Article
- Bladder Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs among US Adolescent Women.Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology · 2025Article
- Examination of the relationship between toilet behaviors and recurrent urinary system infection in women.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of Lifestyle on Urinary Incontinence Severity among Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in East China.International urogynecology journal · 2024Article
- Creating a community advisory board for pediatric bladder health.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Unlocking the Role of Social Norms: How They Shape Women's Public Toilet Usage in India.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Suitability of aircraft wastewater for pathogen detection and public health surveillance.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- The detection of urinary viruses is associated with aggravated symptoms and altered bacteriome in female with overactive bladder.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Toileting Behaviors and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Cross-sectional Study of Diverse Women in the United States.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2021Article
- The Development of a Public Bathroom Perception Scale.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Why Do Women Not Use the Bathroom? Women's Attitudes and Beliefs on Using Public Restrooms.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeBecause current knowledge about public restroom use and bladder health is limited, we sought to identify why women avoid public restrooms and the associations of lower urinary tract symptoms and toileting behaviors. MATERIALS AND
methodsBetween October and December 2017 we recruited a convenience sample of U.S. women to complete a cross-sectional, anonymous questionnaire about public restroom use, lower urinary tract symptoms (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [ICIQ-FLUTS]) and toileting behavior (Web-Based Toileting Behavior [TB-WEB]). We compared women who reported limiting public restroom use all or most of the time to those who did not limit or did so occasionally or sometimes.
resultsOf the 6,004 women in the study 26% limited public restroom use most or all of the time and were more concerned with cleanliness than those who did not limit public restroom use. They also reported more often using nonsitting positions when away from home and holding urine to avoid public restrooms, higher ICIQ-FLUTS scores, more frequent overactive bladder and fewer than 7 voids a day.
conclusionsA large number of women reported avoiding public restrooms, often over concerns of cleanliness, availability of amenities and privacy. Women who habitually limit public restroom use more frequently reported unhealthy toilet behaviors and lower urinary tract conditions. These findings will help guide future research and inform public policy and bladder health awareness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.