ArticleNeurology2020
Validation of the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery in intellectual disability.
2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract readValidation Study
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
43citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
7.7field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Assessment of Neural Biomarkers in Adult Subjects With Fragile X Syndrome and Typically Developing Subjects
Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Effectiveness of CTH120 in Adult Males With Fragile X Syndrome
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Consensus-Based Evaluation of Outcome Measures in Pediatric Stroke Care: A Toolkit.Pediatric neurology · 2023Guideline
- Systematic Review of N-of-1 Studies in Rare Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Power of 1.Neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Gaboxadol increases resting theta and alpha power without affecting evoked responses in fragile X syndrome in a home-based setting.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2026Trial
- SPG601-associated modulation of resting-state EEG and improvement in executive function in a fragile X syndrome randomized controlled crossover study.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4D in adults with fragile X syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 clinical trial.Nature medicine · 2021Trial
- Tablet Assessment of Cognition in Down Syndrome: Comparison of Researcher and Caregiver Administration.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2026Article
- Development of a Cognitive Assessment Battery for Adolescents and Adults with Kabuki Syndrome Type 1.Research square · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in Adolescents with HIV Infection in Zimbabwe.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Leveraging research in early cognitive development for application and impact.Frontiers in developmental psychology · 2026Article
- Clinical Relevance of NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery Developmental Change in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Associations with Verbal Reasoning.American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2026Article
- The neuroscience education readiness checklist for digital tools and methods.Frontiers in computational neuroscience · 2026Article
- A multicenter observational cohort study in survivors of Down Syndrome-associated acute leukemia (ALTE22C1): a report from the Children's Oncology Group.BMC cancer · 2025Observational
- A pilot study of remote cognitive assessment in children using the NIH toolbox participant/examiner app.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Computer and tablet assessments of executive function in youth with Down syndrome: feasibility and predictors of performance.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Neuroimaging Correlates of the NIH-Toolbox-Driven Cognitive Metrics in Children.Journal of integrative neuroscience · 2024Article
- The validity of studying healthy aging with cognitive tests measuring different constructs.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Developmental associations between cognition and adaptive behavior in intellectual and developmental disability.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2024Article
- Greater social jetlag predicts poorer NIH Toolbox crystallized cognitive and academic performance in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.Chronobiology international · 2024Article
- Psychometric properties of the NIH Toolbox Cognition and Emotion Batteries among children and adolescents with congenital heart defects.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2024Article
- Developmental Associations between Cognition and Adaptive Behavior in Intellectual and Developmental Disability.Research square · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Rebecca H ShieldsFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.ORCID 0000-0001-9147-3134
Aaron J KaatFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.
Forrest J McKenzieFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.
Andrea DraytonFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.
Stephanie M SansoneFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.
Jeanine ColemanFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.
Claire MichalakFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.
Karen RileyFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.
Elizabeth Berry-KravisFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.
Richard C GershonFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.
Keith F WidamanFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside.ORCID 0000-0002-6424-3998
David HesslFrom the University of California Davis Medical Center (R.H.S.); Human Development Graduate Group (R.H.S.), University of California Davis, Sacramento; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.J.K., R.C.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.J.M., A.D., S.M.S., D.H.), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Morgridge College of Education (J.C., K.R.), University of Denver, CO; Departments of Pediatrics (C.M., E.B.-K.) Neurological Sciences (E.B.-K.), and Biochemistry (E.B.-K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Graduate School of Education (K.F.W.), University of California, Riverside. drhessl@ucdavis.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-3460-9805
University of California, Riverside · US
Funding
UC Davis Clinical and Translational Science CenterUL1TR000002 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI BERGLUND, LARS F · 2012 to 2015
$12.2MResearch Project: Pathologic Significance of Maternal AutoantibodiesP50HD103526 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI JUDY A. VAN DE WATER · 2020 to 2026
$9.7MA Cognitive Test Battery for Intellectual DisabilitiesR01HD076189 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI DAVID R HESSL · 2014 to 2026
$8.6MRodent Behavior CoreU54HD079125 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI ABBEDUTO, LEONARD J. · 2013 to 2019
$8.5MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000002NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD103526NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD076189NICHD NIH HHS U54 HD079125
Abstract
objectiveTo advance the science of cognitive outcome measurement for individuals with intellectual disability (ID), we established administration guidelines and evaluated the psychometric properties of the NIH-Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIHTB-CB) for use in clinical research.
methodsWe assessed feasibility, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity of the NIHTB-CB (measuring executive function, processing speed, memory, and language) by assessing 242 individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS), Down syndrome (DS), and other ID, ages 6 through 25 years, with retesting completed after 1 month. To facilitate accessibility and measurement accuracy, we developed accommodations and standard assessment guidelines, documented in an e-manual. Finally, we assessed the sensitivity of the battery to expected syndrome-specific cognitive phenotypes.
resultsAbove a mental age of 5.0 years, all tests had excellent feasibility. More varied feasibility across tests was seen between mental ages of 3 and 4 years. Reliability and convergent validity ranged from moderate to strong. Each test and the Crystallized and Fluid Composite scores correlated moderately to strongly with IQ, and the Crystallized Composite had modest correlations with adaptive behavior. The NIHTB-CB showed known-groups validity by detecting expected executive function deficits in FXS and a receptive language deficit in DS.
conclusionThe NIHTB-CB is a reliable and valid test battery for children and young adults with ID with a mental age of ≈5 years and above. Adaptations for very low-functioning or younger children with ID are needed for some subtests to expand the developmental range of the battery. Studies examining sensitivity to developmental and treatment changes are now warranted.
Indexed as
Neuropsychological TestsAdolescentAdultChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansIntellectual DisabilityMaleNational Institutes of Health (U.S.)PsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsUnited StatesYoung Adult
Identifiers
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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT06957054ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07654114ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.