ArticleMicroorganisms2020
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Reactivation in the Mammary Gland Induces a Proinflammatory Cytokine Shift in Breast Milk.
Article in Microorganisms, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between human cytomegalovirus infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2023Pooled it
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Identification of protein biomarkers to differentiate between gram-negative and gram-positive infections in adults suspected of sepsis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Human cytomegalovirus in breast milk is associated with milk composition and the infant gut microbiome and growth.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Antisecretory factor in breastmilk is associated with reduced incidence of sepsis in preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Article
- [Effect of breastfeeding on immune function in infants with human cytomegalovirus infection].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2023Article
- Frequencies of activated T cell populations increase in breast milk of HCMV-seropositive mothers during local HCMV reactivation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Article
- Apoptosis Disorder, a Key Pathogenesis of HCMV-Related Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Immunomonitoring of Human Breast Milk Cells During HCMV-Reactivation.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Immediate Pre-Partum SARS-CoV-2 Status and Immune Profiling of Breastmilk: A Case-Control Study.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Human Cytomegalovirus Genome Diversity in Longitudinally Collected Breast Milk Samples.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Proximity Extension Assay in Combination with Next-Generation Sequencing for High-throughput Proteome-wide Analysis.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2021Article
- Impact of breast milk-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in premature infants: Pathogenesis, prevention, and clinical consequences?Reviews in medical virology · 2020Review
- Increasing Cytomegalovirus Detection Rate from Respiratory Tract Specimens by a New Laboratory-Developed Automated Molecular Diagnostic Test.Microorganisms · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
A locally restricted human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation in the mammary gland commonly occurs in nearly every IgG-seropositive breastfeeding mother. This unique phenomenon can therefore be used to study the reactivation process in an immunocompetent healthy host. Breast milk contains a variety of immunoactive compounds, including immune cells, antibodies, growth factors, and cytokines supporting the newborn's immature immune system. To characterize the impact of HCMV reactivation on breast milk cytokines, we analyzed longitudinal breast milk samples of four IgG-seropositive and three IgG-seronegative mothers of preterm infants using Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) technology (Olink Proteomics, Uppsala, Sweden). Cytokine profiling revealed elevated cytokine levels in IgG-seropositive mothers' milk whey. Reactivating mothers showed higher levels of CC-chemokines (MCP-2, CCL19, and CCL20) and CXC-chemokines (IL-8, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), such as the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17C, glycoprotein CD5, and TNFSF14. HCMV reactivation seems to influence the cytokine profile in human breast milk. This work could open the door for further studies analyzing distinct relations of the cytokine network as well as phenotypical and functional T cell properties in background of HCMV DNA dynamics in early lactation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.