Trial reportPloS one2020
Effects of immersive virtual reality therapy on intravenous patient-controlled sedation during orthopaedic surgery under regional anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 6 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Virtual Rain Forest and White Noise on Satisfaction, Tolerance, Comfort and Vital Signs During Arthroscopy
Can Preoperative Information Via Virtual Reality Affect Patient's Anxiety? A Randomized Controlled Trial and Patient Interviews
The Effect of Virtual Rain Forest and Glass Waterfall on Satisfaction, Comfort, Anxiety, and Vital Signs Undergoing Colonoscopy
The Effects of Glass Waterfall and White Noise on Pain, Anxiety and Physiological Parameters During Gastroscopy
Evaluating the Acceptability of Virtual Reality Headsets During Surgery Under Spinal Anesthesia in Elderly Patients. Seniors' Intraoperative Management Under Locoregional Anesthesia Integrating Virtual Reality (SILVR)
Virtual Reality as a Strategy for Intra-operatory Anxiolysis and Pharmacological Sparing in Patients Undergoing Breast Surgeries : the V-RAPS Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of virtual reality for pain relief in medical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2024Pooled it
- A Body-Driven Mind: Effects of Conventional and Non-Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Physiotherapy on Cognitive Function in Older Orthopedic Patients.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Trial
- Anxiolytic effect of virtual reality headset in upper extremity surgery: a prospective randomized trial.BMC surgery · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Augmented Reality for Perioperative Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Virtual reality immersion compared to monitored anesthesia care for hand surgery: A randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Immersive Virtual Reality for Pain and Relaxation in Older Adults Following Elective Inpatient Abdominal Surgery: Single-Arm Study Examining Feasibility and Acceptability.JMIR perioperative medicine · 2026Article
- Use of extended reality, virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality in clinical practice, education and research in knee arthroplasty: A scoping review.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Perioperative virtual reality and neuropsychiatric outcomes: a scoping review.Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- Immersive Virtual Reality for Postoperative Pain Among Older Adults: A Scoping Review.Annals of surgery open : perspectives of surgical history, education, and clinical approaches · 2025Review
- The benefits of intraoperative virtual reality distraction in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) under spinal anaesthesia.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Current Clinical and Educational Uses of Immersive Reality in Anesthesia: Narrative Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Review
- Real Results from Virtual Sedation: Application to Colonoscopy.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Article
- Virtual Reality in Awake brain Surgery (VIRAS) stage I: Proof of concept and tolerance validation during scheduled orthopedic surgery.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Virtual Reality for Postoperative Pain Management: A Review of Current Evidence.Current pain and headache reports · 2024Review
- The effect of virtual reality hypnosis (HypnoVR) in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair under local anesthesia. A preliminary report.Langenbeck's archives of surgery · 2024Article
- Impact of virtual reality hypnosedation on perioperative pain and anxiety in port implantation under local anesthesia: a randomized controlled pilot trial (VIP Trial).Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2024Article
- Multicenter, randomized, controlled comparative-effectiveness study comparing virtual reality to sedation and standard local anesthetic for pain and anxiety during epidural steroid injections.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2024Article
- Application of Virtual Reality Systems in Bone Trauma Procedures.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmersive virtual reality (IVR) is a form of distraction therapy that has shown potential as an analgesia and sedation sparing agent. This study assessed the effect of IVR on the self-administered sedation requirements of patients undergoing joint replacement surgery under regional anesthesia in a single center. METHODS AND
findingsThis study was a single-center, randomized control trial at St Vincent's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Fifty patients undergoing elective total knee and total hip arthroplasty were randomized to IVR and Propofol patient-controlled sedation (PCS) or propofol PCS alone. The primary outcome measure was intra-operative propofol use. Secondary outcomes included pattern of propofol use over time, use of adjunct analgesia, unmet propofol demand, and patient satisfaction survey scores. Of 50 total patients, 25 received IVR in conjunction with PCS, and 25 received PCS alone. All patients received adjunct analgesia from the treating Anesthesiologist. Median propofol use/hour over the entire procedure in the control group was 40 (11.1, 93.9) mg/hour compared with 45 (0, 94.7) mg/hour in the IVR group (p = 0.90). There were no differences in patterns of propofol use over the course of each procedure. Adjusting for various baseline characteristics did not change the results. Postoperative satisfaction scores were equivalent in both groups. The VR intervention was well tolerated by all patients, with no report of major side effects. Key limitations were relatively small sample size, the non-blinded nature of the study, and use of adjunct analgesia.
conclusionsIn patients receiving joint replacement surgery under regional anesthesia with PCS, IVR was well tolerated but did not decrease the overall sedation requirement.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.