ArticlePloS one2020
Risk factors for congenital heart disease: The Baby Hearts Study, a population-based case-control study.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- First trimester maternal infections and offspring congenital heart defects: a meta-analysis.European heart journal · 2026Pooled it
- Association Between Maternal Factors and Risk of Congenital Heart Disease in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Pooled it
- The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Offspring Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Literature Review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Considering the Risk for Congenital Heart Defects of Antidepressant Classes and Individual Antidepressants.Drug safety · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal obesity and metabolic disorders associate with congenital heart defects in the offspring: A systematic review.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal Cardiac Disease and Congenital Heart Disease Risk in Offspring.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Bridging communication gaps to improve adult congenital heart disease care: patient perspectives from a qualitative study.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Risk assessment of congenital heart defects based on maternal factors in early pregnancy-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers of medicine · 2025Review
- Congenital heart disease: epidemiological profile of live births, geographical distribution and temporal trends in Brazil from 2012 to 2022.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Observational
- Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The Role of miRNA Expression in Congenital Heart Disease: Insights into the Mechanisms and Biomarker Potential.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Fetal cardiac function in pregnancy affected by congenital heart disease: protocol for a multicentre prospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Association between maternal folic acid and/or multivitamin supplementation time and fetal congenital heart disease: based on the China birth cohort study.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Prevalence and contributing factors of nosocomial bloodstream infections in pediatric cardiac ICU patients at chamran hospital, Isfahan.ARYA atherosclerosis · 2025Article
- Knowledge, attitude and practice of pediatric healthcare staff towards the therapy for patients with congenital heart disease.BMC medical education · 2024Article
- Folic Acid and Selected Risk Factors for Fetal Heart Defects-Preliminary Study Results.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Understanding the Genetic and Non-Genetic Interconnections in the Aetiology of Syndromic Congenital Heart Disease: An Updated Review: Part 2.Current cardiology reports · 2024Review
- Understanding the Genetic and Non-genetic Interconnections in the Aetiology of Isolated Congenital Heart Disease: An Updated Review: Part 1.Current cardiology reports · 2024Review
- Thymic Atrophy and Immune Dysregulation in Infants with Complex Congenital Heart Disease.Journal of clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Data sources on COVID-19 infection and vaccination in pregnancy on the island of Ireland: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations for future pandemic preparedness.HRB open research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We investigated the role of maternal environmental factors in the aetiology of congenital heart disease (CHD). A population-based case-control study (242 CHD cases, 966 controls) was conducted using an iPad questionnaire for mother with linkage to maternity and first trimester prescription records. Risk of CHD was associated with low maternal education (OR adjusted for confounders 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.49), pregestational diabetes (OR 4.04; 95% CI 1.00-16.28), self-reported maternal clotting disorders (adjOR 8.55, 95%CI 1.51-48.44), prescriptions for the anticlotting medication enoxaparin (adjOR 3.22, 95%CI 1.01-10.22) and self-reported vaginal infections (adjOR 1.69, 95%CI 1.01-2.80). There was no strong support for the hypothesis that periconceptional folic acid supplements have a protective effect, but there was a protective effect of frequent consumption of folate rich fruits (adjOR 0.64, 95%CI 0.47-0.89). Compared to the most common pre-pregnancy dietary pattern, CHD risk was associated with a poor diet low in fruit and vegetables (adjOR 1.56, 95%CI 1.05-2.34). Mothers of cases reported more pregnancy related stress (adjOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.22-2.34) and multiple stressors (adjOR 1.94, 95%CI 0.83-4.53). We found no supportive evidence for CHD risk being associated with obesity, smoking, depression or antidepressant use in this population. Our findings add to the previous evidence base to show potential for public health approaches to help prevent CHD in future by modifying environmental factors. Independent confirmation should be sought regarding elevated CHD risk associated with maternal blood clotting disorders and their treatment, since we are the first to report this.
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