Trial reportJournal of the National Cancer Institute2020
Durability of Cross-Protection by Different Schedules of the Bivalent HPV Vaccine: The CVT Trial.
Trial report in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes on community rates of HPV-related disease and harms from vaccination.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Precancerous cervical lesions caused by non-vaccine-preventable HPV types after vaccination with the bivalent AS04-adjuvanted HPV vaccine: an analysis of the long-term follow-up study from the randomised Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial.The Lancet. Oncology · 2022Trial
- Efficacy of the bivalent HPV vaccine against HPV 16/18-associated precancer: long-term follow-up results from the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial.The Lancet. Oncology · 2020Trial
- Evaluation of Durability of a Single Dose of the Bivalent HPV Vaccine: The CVT Trial.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2020Trial
- The Long-Term Effect of 2 and 3 Doses of Bivalent HPV Vaccination Against HPV Infections: A Comparison Between 2 Observational Cohort Studies.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Natural Versus Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against HPV: A Comparative Review of Antibody Response and Cancer Prevention.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Validation of TypeSeq2, a Next-Generation-Based Sequencing Assay for the Detection of 46 Human Papillomavirus Genotypes, at the US National Cancer Institute and Costa Rica Laboratories.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity of one and two doses of Gardasil®9 in Tanzanian girls in the DoRIS Trial.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Assessing the influence of male vaccination on cervical cancer elimination in China under different vaccination coverage scenarios: A modeling study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Effect of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine on HPV type replacement and sexual behaviors in the post-vaccine era: A cross-sectional study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Human papillomavirus infection among patients with cervical cancer in Cambodia.BMC women's health · 2025Observational
- The High Prevalence of Oncogenic HPV Genotypes Targeted by the Nonavalent HPV Vaccine in HIV-Infected Women Urgently Reinforces the Need for Prophylactic Vaccination in Key Female Populations Living in Gabon.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A novel nanoparticle vaccine displaying multistage tuberculosis antigens confers protection in mice infected with H37Rv.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Systems serology analysis shows IgG1 and IgG3 memory responses six years after one dose of quadrivalent HPV vaccine.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Long-term protective efficacy of theInfectious medicine · 2025Article
- Changes in Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevalence During 12 Years of Girls-Only Bivalent HPV Vaccination: Results From a Biennial Repeated Cross-sectional Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Human papillomavirus vaccine: Success and challenges.Journal of biosciences · 2025Review
- Community intervention of a single-dose or 2-dose regimen of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in schoolgirls in Thailand: vaccine effectiveness 2 years and 4 years after vaccination.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial has documented cross-protection of the bivalent HPV vaccine against HPV31/33/45 up to 7 years after vaccination, even with one dose of the vaccine. However, the durability of such protection remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of different schedules of the vaccine against HPV31/33/45 out to 11 years postvaccination, expanding to other nontargeted HPV types.
methodsWe compared the rates of HPV infection in vaccinated women with the rates in a comparable cohort of unvaccinated women. We estimated the average vaccine efficacy (VEavg) against incident infections and tested for a change in VE over time.
resultsAmong 3-dose women, we observed statistically significant cross-protection against HPV31/33/45 (VEavg = 64.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 57.7% to 70.0%). Additionally, we observed borderline, statistically significant cross-protection against HPV35 (VEavg = 23.2%, 95% CI = 0.3% to 40.8%) and HPV58 (VEavg = 21.2%, 95% CI = 4.2% to 35.3%). There was no decrease in VE over time (two-sided Ptrend > .05 for HPV31, -33, -35, -45, and -58). As a benchmark, VEavg against HPV16/18 was 82.0% (95% CI = 77.3% to 85.7%). Among 1-dose women, we observed comparable efficacy against HPV31/33/45 (VEavg = 54.4%, 95% CI = 21.0% to 73.7%). Acquisition of nonprotected HPV types was similar between vaccinated and unvaccinated women, indicating that the difference in HPV infection rates was not attributable to differential genital HPV exposure.
conclusionsSubstantial cross-protection afforded by the bivalent vaccine against HPV31/33/45, and to a lesser extent, HPV35 and HPV58, was sustained and remained stable after 11 years postvaccination, reinforcing the notion that the bivalent vaccine is an effective option for protection against HPV-associated cancers.
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