ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2019
Ocular Refraction at Birth and Its Development During the First Year of Life in a Large Cohort of Babies in a Single Center in Northern Italy.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vision screening of Greenlandic children evaluating efficacy, coverage and future directions.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Article
- Enhanced school-based vision screening in Kumasi, Ghana: a pilot study to assess feasibility.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Effects of Blue Light Toward Emmetropization.Cureus · 2025Review
- Three-year changes in ocular biometric components in children with amblyopia.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Surgical considerations in hyperopic cataract patients: optimizing outcomes and reducing complications.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Retinoscopes: Past and present.World journal of methodology · 2024Article
- An Analysis of Ocular Biometrics: A Comprehensive Retrospective Study in a Large Cohort of Pediatric Cataract Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Prevalence and related factors of children myopia in Pudong New Area, Shanghai: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Eye and Orbital Anatomy in Metopic Synostosis.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2023Article
- Article
- Choroidal thickness and vascular microstructure parameters in Chinese school-age children with highFrontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Article
- Insight fromGenes · 2022Article
- Simulations to Assess the Performance of Multifactor Risk Scores for Predicting Myopia Prevalence in Children and Adolescents in China.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Refractive errors and risk factors for myopia in infants aged 1-18 months in Tianjin, China.BMC ophthalmology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate refraction at birth and during the first year of life in a large cohort of babies born in a single center in Northern Italy. We also aimed to analyze refractive errors in relation to the gestational age at birth. An observational ophthalmological assessment was performed within 24 h of birth on 12,427 newborns. Refraction was examined using streak retinoscopy after the administration of tropicamide (1%). Values in the range of between +0.50 ≤ D ≤ +4.00 were defined as physiological refraction at birth. Newborns with refraction values outside of the physiological range were followed up during the first year of life. Comparative analyses were conducted in a subgroup of babies with known gestational ages. The following distribution of refraction at birth was recorded: 88.03% of the babies had physiological refraction, 5.03% had moderate hyperopia, 2.14% had severe hyperopia, 3.4%, had emmetropia, 0.45%, had myopia, 0.94% had astigmatism, and 0.01% had anisometropia. By the end of the first year of life, we observed reductions in hyperopia and astigmatism, and stabilization of myopia. Preterm babies had a four-fold higher risk of congenital myopia and a three-fold higher risk of congenital emmetropia as compared to term babies. Refraction profiles obtained at birth changed during the first year of life, leading to a normalization of the refraction values. Gestational age at birth affected the incidence of refractive errors and amblyopia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.