ArticleFrontiers in physiology2019
Diving in the Arctic: Cold Water Immersion's Effects on Heart Rate Variability in Navy Divers.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of HRV during diving in very cold water.International journal of circumpolar health · 2023Pooled it
- Influence of experience on cardiovascular diving reflex in professional divers.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Heart rate variability changes associated with wetsuit hood fit in dry conditions: a pilot exploratory study.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Heart rate variability findings in neurological decompression sickness: an exploratory case series.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Detection of Cognitive Performance Deterioration Due to Cold-Air Exposure in Females Using Wearable Electrodermal Activity and Electrocardiogram.Biosensors · 2025Article
- Cold-induced stress responses during a self-rescue exercise from accidental immersion in ice water in military personnel.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Physical and metabolic requirements of elite military divers.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Cold exposure and the cardiovascular system: from physiological adaptation to pathological risk.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Review
- Sex differences in autonomic functions and cognitive performance during cold-air exposure and cold-water partial immersion.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Extremity cooling during an arctic diving training exercise.International journal of circumpolar health · 2023Article
- Sleep impairment and altered pattern of circadian biomarkers during a long-term Antarctic summer camp.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Prolonged Extreme Cold Water Diving and the Acute Stress Response During Military Dive Training.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Physiological effects of mixed-gas deep sea dives using a closed-circuit rebreather: a field pilot study.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Article
- Heart Rate Variability During a Standard Dive: A Role for Inspired Oxygen Pressure?Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- The Circulatory Effects of Increased Hydrostatic Pressure Due to Immersion and Submersion.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers: Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionDiving close to the Arctic circle means diving in cold water regardless of the time of year. The human body reacts to cold through autonomous nervous system (ANS)-mediated thermoregulatory mechanisms. Diving also induces ANS responses as a result of the diving reflex. MATERIALS AND
methodsIn order to study ANS responses during diving in Arctic water temperatures, we retrospectively analyzed repeated 5-min heart rate variability (HRV) measures and the mean body temperature from dives at regular intervals using naval diving equipment measurement tests in 0°C water. Three divers performed seven dives without physical activity (81-91 min), and two divers performed four dives with physical activity after 10 min of diving (0-10 min HRV recordings were included in the study).
resultsOur study showed a significant increase in parasympathetic activity (PNS) at the beginning of the dives, after which PNS activity decreased significantly (measure 5-10 min). Subsequent measurements (15-20 min and onward) showed a significant increase in PNS activity over time.
conclusionOur results suggest that the first PNS responses of the human diving reflex decrease quickly. Adverse effects of PNS activity should be considered on long and cold dives. To avoid concurrent sympathetic (SNS) and PNS activity at the beginning of dives, which in turn may increase the risk of arrhythmia in cold water, we suggest a short adaptation phase before physical activity. Moreover, we suggest it is prudent to give special attention to cardiovascular risk factors during pre-dive examinations for cold water divers.
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