ArticleMateria socio-medica2019
Heavy Smoking is Associated with Low Depression and Stress: a Smokers' Paradox in Cardiovascular Disease?
Article in Materia socio-medica, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between serum neuropeptide Y levels and anxiety, depression, and quality of life in Chinese patients with primary glaucoma.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Unfolding the reality of the smoking paradox in a South Asian cohort of patients presenting with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.SAGE open medicine · 2023Article
- Joint Waterpipe and Cigarette Smoking as Key Correlate of History of Depression in Iranian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.Tobacco use insights · 2022Article
- The Monitoring of Psychosocial Factors During Hospitalization Before and After Cardiac Surgery Until Discharge From Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Research Protocol.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSmoking, anxiety and depression constitute predisposing factors of coronary artery disease.
aimThe aim of this study was to investigate the degree of nicotine dependence in coronary patients and its relationship to anxiety and depression.
methodsThe study population consisted of 208 coronary patients, 131 men and 77 women, who were hospitalized in a hospital in Attica and were all smokers. The degree of nicotine dependence was measured by the Fagerstrom scale, while depression and anxiety intensity were assessed with the Zung SDS and SAS scales respectively.
results158 participants (75.9%) were moderately to highly dependent on nicotine, 108 participants (51.9%) reported moderate to severe depression intensity levels while 91 participants (43.8%) reported moderate to severe anxiety intensity levels. The degree of dependence on nicotine was negatively related to the intensity of anxiety and depression experienced by coronary patients. Additionally, the degree of nicotine dependence, anxiety and depression was associated with various sociodemographic and clinical factors such as educational level, social support, and information on their condition and treatment.
conclusionOverall, the findings of this study point to an inverse relationship of nicotine dependence, depression and anxiety. However, this paradoxical association could be a product of shared risk factors or confounding. Nonetheless, the development of individualized educational and supportive interventions to quit smoking in coronary patients should primarily focus on the assessment of depression and stress.
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