ArticleInjury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention2020
The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study.
Erratum issuedOpen access · hybridAbstract read
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Article in Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 94 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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94citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
26.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 218 citations in OpenAlex.
- The burden, risk factors and prevention strategies for drowning in Türkiye: a systematic literature review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Using ERIC to Assess Implementation Science in Drowning Prevention Interventions in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- A Review of Interventions for Drowning Prevention Among Adults.Journal of community health · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of Exposure to Formal Aquatic Activities on Babies Younger Than 36 Months: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Methodological considerations in injury burden of disease studies across Europe: a systematic literature review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Drowning in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a systematic literature review of the epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Treatment of the lung injury of drowning: a systematic review.Critical care (London, England) · 2021Pooled it
- Fatal intentional drowning in Australia: A systematic literature review of rates and risk factors.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of integrated intervention to prevent child drowning in rural areas of Guangdong, China: a cluster randomized controlled trial.Journal of tropical pediatrics · 2023Trial
- Article
- Evidence-based drowning prevention in older adults: a rapid review and Haddon's matrix.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2026Article
- Trends in Unintentional Drowning Mortality Among U.S. Adults Aged ≥25 Years, 1999-2024: A U.S. Surveillance Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Subnational inequalities and preventable gaps in drowning premature mortality and non-fatal health loss among population younger than 20 years.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Seawater drowning induced acute lung injury: new insights from novel mouse models and micro-CT imaging.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Article
- Community risk perceptions and recommendations for drowning prevention: A qualitative study across West Bengal, India.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Exploring the paradox between perception and actual childhood drowning risk: an evidence-based study in Bangladesh.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Burden of unintentional drowning in Indonesia: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2025Article
- A novel model for early prediction of in-hospital mortality in seawater drowning: the SNOP score.International journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Preventing Child Drowning in Indonesia: A Community-Informed Health Promotion Perspective.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2025Article
- Burden of unintentional drowning in China from 1990 to 2019 and exposure to water: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2025Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedCorrection:2020
Authors and funding
134 authors at 20 institutions in 34 countries.
Richard Charles FranklinCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-1864-4552
Amy E PedenRoyal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-6424-1511
Erin B HamiltonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Catherine BisignanoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Chris D CastleInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Zachary V DingelsInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Simon I HayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Zichen LiuInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Ali H MokdadInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Nicholas L S RobertsInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Dillon O SylteInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Theo VosInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Gdiom Gebreheat AbadyCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
Akine Eshete AbosetugnDepartment of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
Rushdia AhmedJames P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Fares AlahdabEvidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Catalina Liliana AndreiCarol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
Carl Abelardo T AntonioDepartment of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
Jalal ArablooHealth Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Aseb Arba Kinfe ArbaNursing Department, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
Ashish D BadiyeDepartment of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India.
Shankar M BakkannavarDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
Maciej BanachDepartment of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Palash Chandra BanikDepartment of Non-Communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Amrit BanstolaDepartment of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal.
Suzanne Lyn Barker-ColloSchool of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Akbar BarzegarOccupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Mohsen BayatiHealth Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Pankaj BhardwajDepartment of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
Soumyadeep BhaumikThe George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Zulfiqar A BhuttaCentre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Ali BijaniSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Archith BoloorDepartment of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
Félix CarvalhoResearch Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir ChowdhuryMaternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dinh-Toi ChuFaculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Samantha M ColquhounResearch School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Henok DagneEnvironmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Baye DagnewDepartment of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Lalit DandonaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Rakhi DandonaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Ahmad DaryaniToxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Samath Dhamminda DharmaratneInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Zahra Sadat Dibaji ForooshaniTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Hoa Thi DoCenter of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Tim Robert DriscollSydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Arielle Wilder EaganDepartment of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Ziad El-KhatibDepartment of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Eduarda FernandesREQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Irina FilipPsychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA.
Florian FischerDepartment of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
Berhe GebremichaelPublic Health Department, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
Gaurav GuptaNon-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India.
Juanita A HaagsmaDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Shoaib HassanCentre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Delia HendrieSchool of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Chi Linh HoangCenter of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Michael K HoleDepartment of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Ramesh HollaKasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
Sorin HostiucDepartment of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
Mowafa HousehDivision of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
Olayinka Stephen IlesanmiDepartment of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Leeberk Raja InbarajDepartment of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India.
Seyed Sina Naghibi IrvaniResearch Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
M Mofizul IslamSchool of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Rebecca Q IversSchool of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Achala Upendra JayatillekeInstitute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Farahnaz JoukarGastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Rohollah KalhorSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin, Iran.
Tanuj KanchanDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
Neeti KapoorDepartment of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India.
Amir KasaeianHematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Maseer KhanEpidemiology Department, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Ejaz Ahmad KhanEpidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Jagdish KhubchandaniDepartment of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.
Kewal KrishanDepartment of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
G Anil KumarPublic Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.
Paolo LauriolaInstitute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
Alan D LopezInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Mohammed MadadinPathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Marek MajdanDepartment of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
Venkatesh MaledHealth Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India.
Navid ManafiOphthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Ali ManafiPlastic Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Martin McKeeDepartment of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Hagazi Gebre MelesMekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
Ritesh G MenezesForensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Tuomo J MeretojaBreast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
Ted R MillerSchool of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Prasanna MithraCommunity Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
Abdollah Mohammadian-HafshejaniDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
Reza MohammadpourhodkiDepartment of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
Farnam MohebiNon-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mariam MolokhiaFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
Ghulam MustafaDepartment of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan.
Ionut NegoiGeneral Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
Cuong Tat NguyenInstitute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Huong Lan Thi NguyenInstitute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Andrew T OlagunjuDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Tinuke O OlagunjuDepartment of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Jagadish Rao PadubidriDepartment of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
Keyvan PakshirParasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Ashish PathakDepartment of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Suzanne PolinderDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Dimas Ria Angga PribadiHealth Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia.
Navid RabieeDepartment of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Amir RadfarCollege of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Saleem Muhammad RanaUniversity Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Jennifer RickardSurgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Saeed SafariEmergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Payman SalamatiSina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Abdallah M SamyDepartment of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abdur Razzaque SarkerHealth Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
David C SchwebelDepartment of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Subramanian SenthilkumaranEmergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India.
Faramarz ShaahmadiDepartment of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
Masood Ali ShaikhIndependent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
Jae Il ShinCollege of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea.
Pankaj Kumar SinghDepartment of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
Amin SoheiliMedical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
Mark A StokesDepartment of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
Hafiz Ansar Rasul SuleriaDepartment of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Ingan Ukur TariganCenter for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Mohamad-Hani TemsahDepartment of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Berhe Etsay TesfayDepartment of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
Pascual R ValdezArgentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Yousef VeisaniPsychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Pengpeng YeDivision of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Naohiro YonemotoDepartment of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
Chuanhua YuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
Hasan YusefzadehDepartment of Health Economics and Management, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
Sojib Bin ZamanMaternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Zhi-Jiang ZhangDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
Spencer L JamesInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA spencj@uw.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-4653-2507
University of Washington · USManipal Academy of Higher Education · INIran University of Medical Sciences · IRCarol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy · ROTehran University of Medical Sciences · IRAdigrat University · ETAll India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur · INCentral Forensic Science Laboratory · INCurtin University · AUDuy Tan University · VNErasmus MC · NLImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University · SAInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research · BDJahrom University of Medical Sciences · IRShiraz University of Medical Sciences · IRThe University of Melbourne · AUTrường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành · VNUniversidade do Porto · PTUniversity of Gondar · ETUNSW Sydney · AU
Funding
World Health Organization 001
Abstract
backgroundDrowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017.
methodsUnintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning.
resultsGlobally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes.
conclusionsThere has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.
Indexed as
DrowningGlobal Burden of DiseaseBangladeshChildChinaFemaleGlobal HealthHumansIndiaMaleQuality-Adjusted Life Yearsburden of diseasedrowningglobal
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