ArticleRevista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)2020
Panic disorder respiratory subtype: psychopathology and challenge tests - an update.
Article in Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploration of wearable sensor measures associated with panic attacks differs across mental health conditions.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Observational Study on Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing Control for Reducing Dental Anxiety in Children.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Observational
- Impact of the estrous cycle on brain monoamines and behavioral and respiratory responses to COPflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2025Article
- Brain Mechanisms Underlying Panic Attack and Panic Disorder.Neuroscience bulletin · 2024Review
- Biobehavioral approach to distinguishing panic symptoms from medical illness.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2021Article
- Impact of respiratory protective devices on respiration: Implications for panic vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of affective disorders · 2020Review
- The respiratory subtype of panic disorder: reflections on the past and future of biological psychiatry.Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) pathophysiology is very heterogeneous, and the discrimination of distinct subtypes could be very useful. A subtype based on respiratory symptoms is known to constitute a specific subgroup. However, evidence to support the respiratory subtype (RS) as a distinct subgroup of PD with a well-defined phenotype remains controversial. Studies have focused on characterization of the RS based on symptoms and response to CO2. In this line, we described clinical and biological aspects focused on symptomatology and CO2 challenge tests in PD RS. The main symptoms that characterize RS are dyspnea (shortness of breath) and a choking sensation. Moreover, patients with the RS tended to be more responsive to CO2 challenge tests, which triggered more panic attacks in this subgroup. Future studies should focus on discriminating respiratory-related clusters and exploring psychophysiological and neuroimaging outcomes in order to provide robust evidence to confirm RS as a distinct subtype of PD.
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