ReviewInsights into imaging2020
Imaging findings and classification of the common and uncommon male breast diseases.
Review in Insights into imaging, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Management of gynecomastia in adolescence and adults: the clinical practice guidelines from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS).Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Guideline
- Effect of Spironolactone and Cyproterone Acetate on Breast Growth in Transgender People: A Randomized Clinical Trial.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Trial
- Subareolar breast abscess in males.World journal of methodology · 2026Article
- A longitudinal observational study of male referrals and adherence to imaging guidelines: a single centre experience in 148 patients.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Proactive fat grafting from the breast area in gynecomastia surgery: Impact on the prevention of contour irregularities and patient satisfaction.Turkish journal of surgery · 2025Article
- Isolated metastasis of renal clear-cell carcinoma to the male breast following nephrectomy: A rare case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2025Article
- Preoperative MRI-Based 3D Segmentation and Quantitative Modeling of Glandular and Adipose Tissues in Male Gynecomastia: A Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- A compendium of male breast imaging: The road less traveled.World journal of radiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Validation of Breast Idea Volume Estimator Application in Transfeminine People.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Article
- Radiological Features of Male Breast Neoplasms: How to Improve the Management of a Rare Disease.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Male Breast: A Review of the Literature and Current State of the Art of Diagnostic Imaging Work-Up.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Unilateral breast enlargement in males during adolescence (10-19 years): Review of current literature and personal experience.Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis · 2023Review
- An Update on the General Features of Breast Cancer in Male Patients-A Literature Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Bladder Cancer Metastasis to the Breast in a Male Patient: Imaging Findings on Mammography and Ultrasonography.Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe chi · 2022Article
- Gynecomastia with rare granulomatous lobular mastitis: a case report and literature review.The Journal of international medical research · 2022Review
- Breast development in pediatric patients from birth to puberty: physiology, pathology and imaging correlation.Pediatric radiology · 2021Review
- The effect of staying at home due to COVID-19 outbreak on nursing students' life satisfaction and social competencies.Perspectives in psychiatric care · 2021Article
- A Prospective Evaluation of Tru-Cut Biopsy and Fine-needle Aspiration Cytology in Male Breast Cancer Detection.In vivo (Athens, Greece)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Male breast hosts various pathological conditions just like "female breast." However, histo-anatomical diversities with female breast lead to many differences regarding the frequency and presentation of diseases, the radiologic appearance of lesions, the diagnostic algorithm, and malignity features.Radiological modalities may play an important role in evaluating male breast lesions. Although some imaging findings are non-specific, having knowledge of certain imaging characteristics and radiologic patterns is the key to reduce the number of differential diagnoses or to reach an accurate diagnosis.Male breast imaging is mostly based on physical examination and is required for the complaints of palpable mass, breast enlargement, tenderness, nipple discharge, and nipple-skin changes. The majority of the male breast lumps are benign and the most common reason is gynecomastia. Although it is difficult to exclude malignancy in some cases, gynecomastia often has distinguishable imaging features. Pseudogynecomastia is another differential diagnosis that may be confused with gynecomastia. The distinction is important for the treatment plan.Apart from gynecomastia, other male breast lesions form a highly heterogeneous group and can be classified based on "Tissue origin," "Histopathological type and behavior," and "Radiologic features" for both simplification and comprehensive understanding.This article mainly focuses on emphasizing the results of basic histo-anatomical differences of male and female breasts, classifying male breast lesions, covering the spectrum of male breast diseases, and assisting radiologists in recognizing the imaging findings, in interpreting them through a holistic approach, in making a differential diagnosis, and in being a part of proper patient management.
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