ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2020
Predicting Mortality and Adverse Outcomes: Comparing the Frailty Index to General Prognostic Indices.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed.
- Age Self Care-Resilience, a medical group visit program targeting pre-frailty: A mixed methods pilot clinical trial.The Journal of frailty & aging · 2025Trial
- Feasibility of a Multicomponent Frailty Intervention During Post-Acute Rehabilitation in Skilled Nursing Facilities.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026Article
- The Utility of Measures of Physical Behavior, Function, and Fitness as Predictors of Mortality.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes · 2026Article
- The Mediating Role of Frailty in Healthcare Utilization Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Comparison of Generalist, Specialist, and Mental Health Visits.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- Preliminary Data From a Geriatrician-Led Program for Orthopedic Co-Managed Hip Fracture Patients Using Zoledronic Acid.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Frailty and hospital outcomes among patients with neurological disorders.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Multi-Polygenic prediction of Frailty and its Trajectories highlights Chronic Pain, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Educational Attainment pathways.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Gaps in Primary Care Follow-Up After Hospital Discharge Among Medicare Beneficiaries.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Mobility Device Use and Frailty Progression in Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Mobility Limitations.Journal of aging and health · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity in mortality risk prediction: a study of vulnerable adults in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Comparison of the long-term prognostic value of different frailty instruments in older inpatients: a 5-year prospective cohort study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Exploring the Spectrum of Temporal Summation and Conditioned Pain Modulation Responses in Pain-Free Individuals Using a Tonic Heat Pain and Cold Pressor Test Paradigms.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2025Observational
- Frailty, social deprivation, and mortality among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Frailty predicts adverse clinical outcomes in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease.Aging · 2025Article
- Health Care Spending After Initiating Sacubitril-Valsartan vs Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers for Heart Failure Treatment.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Extracting Cognitive Impairment Assessment Information From Unstructured Notes in Electronic Health Records Using Natural Language Processing Tools: Validation with Clinical Assessment Data.Clinical epidemiology · 2025Article
- The Healthy Aging Initiative (HAI): an interdisciplinary longitudinal cohort study to characterize and promote healthspan in senior housing.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Frailty index is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Eastern Europe: a multicentre cohort study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2024Article
- Older people's perspectives on frailty screening in primary care settings - a citizens' jury study.BMC primary care · 2024Article
- Assessing how frailty and healthcare delays mediate the association between sexual and gender minority status and healthcare utilization in the All of Us Research Program.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMortality prediction models are useful to guide clinical decision-making based on prognosis. The frailty index, which allows prognostication and personalized care planning, has not been directly compared with validated prognostic models.
objectiveTo compare the discrimination of mortality, disability, falls, and hospitalization between a frailty index and validated prognostic indices.
designSecondary Analysis of the National Health and Aging Trends Study.
participantsSeven thousand thirty-three Medicare beneficiaries 65 years or older. MEASUREMENTS: We measured a deficit-accumulation frailty index, Schonberg index, and Lee index at the 2011 baseline assessment. Primary outcome was mortality at 5 years. Secondary outcomes were decline in activities of daily living (ADL), decline in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), fall, and hospitalization at 1 year. We used C-statistics to compare discrimination between indices, adjusting for age and sex.
resultsThe study population included 4146 (44.8%) with age ≥ 75 years, with a median frailty index of 0.15 (interquartile range 0.09-0.25). A total of 1385 participants died (14.7%) and 2386 (35.2%) were lost to follow-up. Frailty, Schonberg, and Lee indices predicted mortality similarly: C-statistics (95% confidence interval) were 0.78 (0.77-0.80) for frailty index; 0.79 (0.78-0.81) for Schonberg index; and 0.78 (0.77-0.80) for Lee index. The frailty index had higher C-statistics for decline in ADL function (frailty index, 0.80 [0.78-0.83]; Schonberg, 0.74 [0.72-0.76]; Lee, 0.74 [0.71-0.77]) and falls (frailty index, 0.66 [0.65-0.68]; Schonberg, 0.61 [0.58-0.63]; Lee, 0.61 [0.59-0.63]). C-statistics were similar for decline in IADL function (frailty index, 0.61 [0.59-0.63]; Schonberg, 0.60 [0.59-0.62]; Lee, 0.60 [0.58-0.62]) and hospitalizations (frailty index, 0.68 [0.66-0.70]; Schonberg, 0.68 [0.66-0.69]; Lee, 0.65 [0.63-0.67]).
conclusionsA deficit-accumulation frailty index performs as well as prognostic indices for mortality prediction, and better predicts ADL disability and falls in community-dwelling older adults. Frailty assessment offers a unifying approach to risk stratification for key health outcomes relevant to older adults.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.