Trial reportVaccine2020
Use of traditional serological methods and oral fluids to assess immunogenicity in children aged 2-16 years after successive annual vaccinations with LAIV.
Trial report in Vaccine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Immune Response to Influenza Neuraminidase After Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Pre-existing influenza-specific nasal IgA or nasal viral infection does not affect live attenuated influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2021Trial
- Population Immunity to Influenza Neuraminidase: From Immune Imprinting to Pandemic Preparedness.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Application of oral fluid for quantitative nucleic acid and antibody detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Exploring the pathway toward the reduction of paediatric seasonal influenza burden: school-based vaccination and surveillance.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Early mucosal events promote distinct mucosal and systemic antibody responses to live attenuated influenza vaccine.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Preschool-located influenza vaccination and influenza-like illness surveillance: an Italian pilot experience.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- SARS Antibody Testing in Children: Development of Oral Fluid Assays for IgG Measurements.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe UK introduced quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (qLAIV) for children in 2013/2014. The impact of annual vaccination on effectiveness and immunogenicity is being assessed.
methodA phase III/IV open-label study of the immunogenicity of annual vaccination with qLAIV (Fluenz™) was conducted over three consecutive years (2014/15-2016/17) in 254, 249 and 162 children respectively. Serum responses to vaccine components were measured by Haemagglutination Inhibition (HAI) and anti-A(H1N1)pdm09 Neuraminidase (NAI) assays, stratified according to previous receipt of AS03
findingsMore paired pre- and post-vaccination oral fluids (96%) than paired sera (87%) were obtained. Geometric mean titre rises using HAI assays were limited, with maximum rises seen in year one for both influenza B strains when 39% and 43% of subjects seroconverted (95% confidence interval 33-46% and 36-50%, respectively) and year two for influenza H3N2, when 40% (33-46%) individuals seroconverted. Prior pandemic vaccine receipt resulted in higher pre- and post-vaccination A(H1N1)pdm09 HAI titres and lower pre-and post-vaccination NAI (N1 neuraminidase) titres in all three years. OF results were congruent with HAI results; assay specificity compared to HAI was 88.1 and 71.6 percent, and sensitivity was 86.4 and 74.8 percent respectively for A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2.
conclusionIn all three study years, vaccination with qLAIV resulted in poor antibody responses. However, OFs are an alternative specimen type that allows self sampling, can easily be obtained from children, and their analysis leads to similar conclusions as classic serology by HAI. Their suitability for seroprevalence studies should be investigated. We demonstrated a sustained effect from prior receipt of the AS03
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.