ArticleThe Prostate2020
A comparison of prostate cancer cell transcriptomes in 2D monoculture vs 3D xenografts identify consistent gene expression alterations associated with tumor microenvironments.
Article in The Prostate, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Gastric Cancer Organoids: Mechanistic Insights, Drug Discovery, and Translational Advances in Precision Medicine.Journal of gastric cancer · 2026Review
- A Robust Marine Collagen Peptide-Agarose 3D Culture System for In Vitro Modeling of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Development.Marine drugs · 2025Article
- Gα13 Promotes Clonogenic Growth by Increasing Tolerance to Oxidative Metabolic Stress in Prostate Cancer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- A Marine Collagen-Based 3D Scaffold for In Vitro Modeling of Human Prostate Cancer Niche and Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Discovery.Marine drugs · 2024Article
- Characterisation of cell lines derived from prostate cancer patients with localised disease.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2023Article
- Tumor Organoid and Spheroid Models for Cervical Cancer.Cancers · 2023Review
- Review
- Article
- Validation of a multicellular tumor microenvironment system for modeling patient tumor biology and drug response.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProstate cancer (PC) research has relied heavily on patient-derived cell lines, which may be used for in vitro (two-dimensional [2D]) studies or cultivated as three-dimensional (3D) xenografts in mice. These approaches are likely to have differential impacts on cell phenotypes, with implications for experimental outcomes. Therefore, defining and comparing the transcriptional signatures associated with 2D and 3D approaches may be useful for designing experiments and interpreting research results.
methodsIn this study, LNCaP, VCaP, and 22Rv1 human PC cells were either cultivated in monolayers or as xenografts in NOD SCID mice, and their gene transcription profiles were quantitated and compared using microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate protein expression in cancer cell xenografts.
resultsComparisons of gene expression profiles of tumor cells grown in 2D vs 3D environments identified gene sets featuring similar expression patterns in all three cancer cell lines and unique transcriptional signatures associated with 3D vs 2D growth. Pathways related to cell-cell interactions, differentiation, and the extracellular matrix were enriched in 3D conditions. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that gene upregulation in xenografts occurred in implanted cancer cells and not in mouse stromal cells. Cultivating cells in vitro in the presence of mouse, rather than bovine serum failed to elicit the gene transcription profile observed in xenografts, further supporting the hypothesis that this profile reflects 3D growth and enhanced microenvironmental interactions, rather than exposure to species-specific serum factors.
conclusionsOverall, these findings define the expression profiles observed in PC cells cultivated in 2D monolayers and in 3D xenografts, highlighting differentially regulated pathways in each setting and providing information for interpreting research results in model systems.
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