ArticleBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2020
Association between hydrochlorothiazide exposure and different incident skin, lip and oral cavity cancers: A series of population-based nested case-control studies.
Article in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations of thiazide use with skin cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Hydrochlorothiazide use is associated with the risk of cutaneous and lip squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Antihypertensive Medication as a Risk Factor For Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Nationwide Registry-based Case-control Study.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2025Article
- Antihypertensive Medications and Risk of Melanoma and Keratinocyte Carcinomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2024Article
- The association between hydrochlorothiazide use and non-melanoma skin cancer in kidney transplant recipients.Clinical kidney journal · 2024Article
- Several first-line anti-hypertensives act on fibrosarcoma progression and PD1ab blockade therapy.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2024Article
- The State of Use and Utility of Negative Controls in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Review
- Phototoxic Reactions Inducted by Hydrochlorothiazide and Furosemide in Normal Skin Cells-In Vitro Studies on Melanocytes and Fibroblasts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Hydrochlorothiazide increases risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer in an elderly Japanese cohort with hypertension: The Shizuoka study.JAAD international · 2023Article
- A reverse translational pharmacological approach to understand the underlying mechanisms of the reported association between hydrochlorothiazide and non-melanoma skin cancer.Journal of hypertension · 2022Article
- Identification of Drug-Cancer Associations: A Nationwide Screening Study.Cancer research communications · 2022Review
- Use of Thiazide Diuretics and Risk of All Types of Skin Cancers: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cancers · 2022Review
- Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Association With Use of Hydrochlorothiazide-Containing Products in the United States.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2021Article
- Drug Intake and Actinic Keratosis: A Case-Control Study.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2021Article
- Article
- Hydrochlorothiazide Use and Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers: A Biological Plausibility Study.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2021Article
- No association between hydrochlorothiazide use and uveal melanoma.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Article
- Association between hydrochlorothiazide exposure and different incident skin, lip and oral cavity cancers: A series of population-based nested case-control studies.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Article
- Comment on "Hydrochlorothiazide use and the risk of skin cancer in patients with hypertensive disorder: a nationwide retrospective cohort study from Korea".The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsHydrochlorothiazide-induced photosensitivity may increase squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and lip cancer risk. The aim was to quantify these risks.
methodsNested case-control studies using data from the UK THIN database from 01 January 1999 to 01 May 2016. Adults with incident SCC, BCC, melanoma, lip cancer and oral cancer were matched (on age, sex and calendar year of cohort entry) to controls using incidence density sampling. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) for each outcome were calculated for ever and cumulative hydrochlorothiazide exposure, measuring the impact of additionally adjusting for smoking and body mass index (BMI). Adjusted rate differences were estimated, including the number needed to harm.
resultsCumulative hydrochlorothiazide doses ≥50 000 mg were associated with a significantly increased risk of SCC IRR = 3.05 (1.93-4.81) and BCC IRR = 1.34 (1.06-1.69). Using a 5-year lag-period, hydrochlorothiazide exposure was also associated with a significantly increased risk of lip cancer (IRR 2.85, 95% confidence interval 1.32-6.15). No significantly increased risk of melanoma or oral cavity cancer was observed. Following adjustment for smoking and BMI, which had inverse associations with several skin cancer types, associations for hydrochlorothiazide remained significant. The overall number needed to harm with high-dose cumulative hydrochlorothiazide exposure was: 804 for SCC; 2463 for BCC, and 200 000 for lip cancer but varied by age and sex.
conclusionHydrochlorothiazide exposure was associated with an increased risk of SCC, BCC and lip cancer that is not explained following adjustment for smoking and BMI. These findings may support clinical and regulatory decision making.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.