ArticleInternational journal of cancer2020
Reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer by tumor subtypes among Ghanaian women: A population-based case-control study.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- The unique risk factor profile of triple-negative breast cancer: a comprehensive meta-analysis.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2024Pooled it
- The effects of Tai Chi and Baduanjin on breast cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Immunohistochemistry vs Molecular Breast Cancer Subtyping Among African Populations.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Association between cumulative lifetime exposure to reproductive hormones and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD4 +, and CD8 + T cells among women with breast cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Etiology of gene expression-based subtypes of breast cancer in the Ghana Breast Health Study.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Association of cumulative lifetime estrogen exposure and reproductive factors with breast cancer molecular subtype among Nigerian women in the MEND study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: gestational weight gain impact and nomogram validation.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Reclassifying Menopausal Breast Cancer and Assessing Non-Genetic Risk Factors in Ghanaian Women: Insights from a Cohort Study.Cancers · 2025Article
- Breast Cancer Incidence Rates in Ghanaian and US Black Women From 2013 Through 2015.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Bridging the gap: ctDNA, genomics, and equity in breast cancer care.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Review
- Contribution of Prediagnostic Host Factors to Shaping the Stromal Microenvironment of Breast Cancer among Sub-Saharan African Women.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Factors influencing clinical breast cancer screening: A cross-sectional study among Islamic women in Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana.PloS one · 2025Article
- The association of HIV status with triple-negative breast cancer in patients with breast cancer in South Africa: a cross-sectional analysis of case-only data from a prospective cohort study.The Lancet. Global health · 2024Article
- Association between breastfeeding, mammographic density, and breast cancer risk: a review.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Review
- Health-seeking behaviour of breast cancer patients receiving care at a tertiary institution in Ghana.Ecancermedicalscience · 2024Article
- Mosquito control exposures and breast cancer risk: analysis of 1071 cases and 2096 controls from the Ghana Breast Health Study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2023Article
- Dietary pattern and other factors of breast cancer among women: a case control study in Northwest Ethiopia.BMC cancer · 2023Article
- Article
- Breastfeeding and Mammographic Breast Density: A Cross-sectional Study.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2023Article
- Reproductive history and breast cancer survival: Findings from the African breast cancer-Disparities in outcomes cohort and implications of Africa's fertility transition on breast cancer prognosis.International journal of cancer · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Higher proportions of early-onset and estrogen receptor (ER) negative cancers are observed in women of African ancestry than in women of European ancestry. Differences in risk factor distributions and associations by age at diagnosis and ER status may explain this disparity. We analyzed data from 1,126 cases (aged 18-74 years) with invasive breast cancer and 2,106 controls recruited from a population-based case-control study in Ghana. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for menstrual and reproductive factors using polytomous logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Among controls, medians for age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and breastfeeding/pregnancy were 15 years, 4 births, 20 years and 18 months, respectively. For women ≥50 years, parity and extended breastfeeding were associated with decreased risks: >5 births vs. nulliparous, OR 0.40 (95% CI 0.20-0.83) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.51-0.98) for ≥19 vs. <13 breastfeeding months/pregnancy, which did not differ by ER. In contrast, for earlier onset cases (<50 years) parity was associated with increased risk for ER-negative tumors (p-heterogeneity by ER = 0.02), which was offset by extended breastfeeding. Similar associations were observed by intrinsic-like subtypes. Less consistent relationships were observed with ages at menarche and first birth. Reproductive risk factor distributions are different from European populations but exhibited etiologic heterogeneity by age at diagnosis and ER status similar to other populations. Differences in reproductive patterns and subtype heterogeneity are consistent with racial disparities in subtype distributions.
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