ReviewEndocrine2020
Effects of hormones and hormone therapy on breast tissue in transgender patients: a concise review.
Review in Endocrine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling the links between estrogen and gut microbiota in sex-hormone driven cancers.World journal of clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Quality of Chest Masculinization in Trans Men: A Retrospective Study Evaluating Surgical Technique, Complications, Secondary Corrections, and Trends.Transgender health · 2025Article
- Maximizing surgical outcomes with gender affirming hormone therapy in gender affirmation surgery.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2024Article
- Holistic Sexual-Reproductive Healthcare Services and Needs for Queer Individuals: Healthcare Providers' Perspectives.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- CAPE activates AMPK and Foxo3 signaling to induce growth inhibition and ferroptosis in triple-negative breast cancer.PloS one · 2024Article
- Effectiveness and Safety of Different Estradiol Regimens in Transgender Women (TREAT Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Breast cancer in a transgender woman undergoing gender-affirming exogenous hormone therapy.Radiology case reports · 2023Article
- The molecular consequences of androgen activity in the human breast.Cell genomics · 2023Article
- Review of adult gender transition medications: mechanisms, efficacy measures, and pharmacogenomic considerations.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Effects of Hormones on Breast Development and Breast Cancer Risk in Transgender Women.Cancers · 2022Review
- An Update on the General Features of Breast Cancer in Male Patients-A Literature Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Understanding the role of sex hormones in cancer for the transgender community.Trends in cancer · 2022Article
- Metastatic breast cancer in a transgender female with history of mantle field radiation and free silicone breast injections: case report.Translational breast cancer research : a journal focusing on translational research in breast cancer · 2022Article
- A rare case of breast cancer in a transgender woman.Radiology case reports · 2021Article
- Ginsenoside Rg1 improves pathological damages by activating the p21‑p53‑STK pathway in ovary and Bax‑Bcl2 in the uterus in premature ovarian insufficiency mouse models.Molecular medicine reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeHormone replacement therapy (HRT) has become a mainstay medical treatment option for management of gender dysphoria in transgender patients of both biologic sexes. Very little is known about the long-term effects of steroid hormone modulation on breast tissue in this population. Most of the data available on the effects of HRT on breast and reproductive tissues come from studies of postmenopausal cisgender women. Therapeutic regimens are often provider-dependent, and there, are no uniform guidelines in place for cancer surveillance in transgender patients. In this review, we present what forms of hormone therapy and hormone modulation are available to transgender patients, what is known about their effects on male and female breast tissue, and what other endogenous and exogenous factors contribute to the macroscopic and cellular changes observed.
methodsA search for the existing literature focusing on therapeutic regimens and the effects of HRT on breast tissue provided the most current information available for this review. Recent evidence-based reports (since the year 2000) and reviews were given priority over anecdotal evidence and expert opinions when conflicting information was encountered. Older resources were considered when primary sources were needed. Given the paucity of available articles on this subject, all resources were given careful consideration.
resultsInformation about the risks associated with HRT in the current literature and in this setting is limited and often conflicting, due to a scarcity of long-term studies tracking breast pathology among transgender men and women.
conclusionsWe conclude that the long-term effects of off-label pharmaceutical use for modulation of hormone levels and sexual characteristics in transgender patients have not been well studied. The tendency of steroid hormones to promote the growth of certain cancers also raises questions about the safety of differing doses and drug combinations. Further clinical and laboratory study is needed to better establish safety and dosing guidelines in transgender patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.