ArticleTranslational psychiatry2020
A broad autism phenotype expressed in facial morphology.
Article in Translational psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prenatal sex steroid theory of autism after 25 years.Nature human behaviour · 2026Review
- Measuring sexual dimorphism in human faces.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Mismatching Expressions: Spatiotemporal and Kinematic Differences in Autistic and Non-Autistic Facial Expressions.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Body mass index is an overlooked confounding factor in existing clustering studies of 3D facial scans of children with autism spectrum disorder.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Maternal androgens and autism spectrum disorder in the MARBLES prospective cohort study.Research in autism spectrum disorders · 2022Article
- An investigation of a novel broad autism phenotype: increased facial masculinity among parents of children on the autism spectrum.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Is there an association between prenatal testosterone and autistic traits in adolescents?Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2022Article
- Identification of Autism in Children Using Static Facial Features and Deep Neural Networks.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Maternal steroid levels and the autistic traits of the mother and infant.Molecular autism · 2021Article
- Genetic and morphological estimates of androgen exposure predict social deficits in multiple neurodevelopmental disorder cohorts.Molecular autism · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a heritable neurodevelopmental condition diagnosed based on social and communication differences. There is strong evidence that cognitive and behavioural changes associated with clinical autism aggregate with biological relatives but in milder form, commonly referred to as the 'broad autism phenotype'. The present study builds on our previous findings of increased facial masculinity in autistic children (Sci. Rep., 7:9348, 2017) by examining whether facial masculinity represents as a broad autism phenotype in 55 non-autistic siblings (25 girls) of autistic children. Using 3D facial photogrammetry and age-matched control groups of children without a family history of ASD, we found that facial features of male siblings were more masculine than those of male controls (n = 69; p < 0.001, d = 0.81 [0.36, 1.26]). Facial features of female siblings were also more masculine than the features of female controls (n = 60; p = 0.005, d = 0.63 [0.16, 1.10]). Overall, we demonstrated for males and females that facial masculinity in non-autistic siblings is increased compared to same-sex comparison groups. These data provide the first evidence for a broad autism phenotype expressed in a physical characteristic, which has wider implications for our understanding of the interplay between physical and cognitive development in humans.
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