Trial reportJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2020
Exercising with Baxter: preliminary support for assistive social-physical human-robot interaction.
Trial report in Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Conventions and research challenges in considering trust with socially assistive robots for older adults.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2025Pooled it
- A robot goes to rehab: a novel gamified system for long-term stroke rehabilitation using a socially assistive robot-methodology and usability testing.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2021Trial
- Care Robots for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: An Integrative Review.Healthcare informatics research · 2025Article
- Teachers' Readiness to Implement Robotics in Education: Validation and Measurement Invariance of TRi-Robotics Scale via Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Network Psychometrics.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exercise Specialists' Evaluation of Robot-Led Rehabilitative Exercise for People with Parkinson's Disease.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Closing the loop in minimally supervised human-robot interaction: formative and summative feedback.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- How should robots exercise with people? Robot-mediated exergames win with music, social analogues, and gameplay clarity.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2023Article
- Self-organized Learning from Synthetic and Real-World Data for a Humanoid Exercise Robot.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2022Article
- Endowing a NAO Robot With Practical Social-Touch Perception.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2022Article
- An analysis of design recommendations for socially assistive robot helpers for effective human-robot interactions in senior care.Journal of rehabilitation and assistive technologies engineeringReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe worldwide population of older adults will soon exceed the capacity of assisted living facilities. Accordingly, we aim to understand whether appropriately designed robots could help older adults stay active at home.
methodsBuilding on related literature as well as guidance from experts in game design, rehabilitation, and physical and occupational therapy, we developed eight human-robot exercise games for the Baxter Research Robot, six of which involve physical human-robot contact. After extensive iteration, these games were tested in an exploratory user study including 20 younger adult and 20 older adult users.
resultsOnly socially and physically interactive games fell in the highest ranges for pleasantness, enjoyment, engagement, cognitive challenge, and energy level. Our games successfully spanned three different physical, cognitive, and temporal challenge levels. User trust and confidence in Baxter increased significantly between pre- and post-study assessments. Older adults experienced higher exercise, energy, and engagement levels than younger adults, and women rated the robot more highly than men on several survey questions.
conclusionsThe results indicate that social-physical exercise with a robot is more pleasant, enjoyable, engaging, cognitively challenging, and energetic than similar interactions that lack physical touch. In addition to this main finding, researchers working in similar areas can build on our design practices, our open-source resources, and the age-group and gender differences that we found.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.