ArticleInternational journal of cancer2020
Menstrual and reproductive characteristics and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status and ethnicity: The Breast Cancer Etiology in Minorities study.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Pooled it
- Long-term health consequences of central precocious/early puberty (CPP) and treatment with Gn-RH analogue: a short update.Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis · 2023Pooled it
- Natural menopause, menarche and breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers: a Mendelian randomization analysis.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Reproductive factors and risk of contralateral breast cancer by age and hormone receptor status: The California Breast Cancer Survivorship Consortium.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- The association between parity, age of first full term pregnancy and invasive lobular breast cancer: a case-only analysis.Cancer treatment and research communications · 2026Article
- Lifestyle Factors and Family History of Diabetes as Significant Risks for Breast Cancer: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study in Tamil Nadu, India.Indian journal of surgical oncology · 2025Article
- Modifiable Risk Factors Including Self-Perceived Stress for Breast Cancer in Hong Kong: A Case-Control Study of 10 757 Subject.Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2025Article
- Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes by race and ethnicity: a scoping review.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2024Article
- Survival trends of patients with metaplastic breast carcinoma with different hormone receptor statuses: a SEER-based retrospective cohort study.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Reproductive Risk Factor Patterns in Caribbean Women With Breast Cancer Across 4 Generations.JAMA network open · 2024Observational
- Association between body mass index combined with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: A prospective cohort study.Molecular and clinical oncology · 2024Article
- Article
- Pregnancy-Related Factors and Breast Cancer Risk for Women Across a Range of Familial Risk.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Reproductive characteristics, menopausal status, race and ethnicity, and risk of breast cancer subtypes defined by ER, PR and HER2 status: the Breast Cancer Etiology in Minorities study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes by race and ethnicity: A scoping review of the literature.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Relationship between early age at menarche, older age at menopause and subtypes of breast cancer: a scoping review.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2024Article
- Changes in Breast Cancer Risk and Risk Factor Profiles among U.S.-Born and Immigrant Asian American Women Residing in the San Francisco Bay Area.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Distinct Reproductive Risk Profiles for Intrinsic-Like Breast Cancer Subtypes: Pooled Analysis of Population-Based Studies.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2022Article
- Occupational Factors and Socioeconomic Differences in Breast Cancer Risk and Stage at Diagnosis in Swiss Working Women.Cancers · 2022Article
- Racial/ethnic differences in postmenopausal breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status: The multiethnic cohort study.International journal of cancer · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We pooled multiethnic data from four population-based studies and examined associations of menstrual and reproductive characteristics with breast cancer (BC) risk by tumor hormone receptor (HR) status [defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)]. We estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariable logistic regression, stratified by age (<50, ≥50 years) and ethnicity, for 5,186 HR+ (ER+ or PR+) cases, 1,365 HR- (ER- and PR-) cases and 7,480 controls. For HR+ BC, later menarche and earlier menopause were associated with lower risk in non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) and Hispanics, and higher parity and longer breast-feeding were associated with lower risk in Hispanics and Asian Americans, and suggestively in NHWs. Positive associations with later first full-term pregnancy (FTP), longer interval between menarche and first FTP and shorter time since last FTP were limited to younger Hispanics and Asian Americans. Except for nulliparity, reproductive characteristics were not associated with risk in African Americans. For HR- BC, lower risk was associated with later menarche, except in African Americans and older Asian Americans and with longer breast-feeding in Hispanics and Asian Americans only. In younger African Americans, HR- BC risk associated with higher parity (≥3 vs. 1 FTP) was increased fourfold in women who never breast-fed, but not in those with a breast-feeding history, suggesting that breast-feeding may mitigate the adverse effect of higher parity in younger African American women. Further work needs to evaluate why menstrual and reproductive risk factors vary in importance according to age and ethnicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.