ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2020
The Impact of Smoking on Subgingival Microflora: From Periodontal Health to Disease.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory Association between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Health.Inflammation · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluation of Salivary Biomarkers of Periodontal Disease Based on Smoking Status: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Oral Health Effects Among Adults Switching from Cigarettes to on!® Nicotine Pouches Compared to Those Who Continue Smoking.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2025Trial
- Sociodemographic, Behavioral and Oral Health Factors in Maternal and Child Health: An Interventional and Associative Study from the Network Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Subgingival Microbiome in Young Adult Cigarette Smokers, E-Cigarette Users, and Non-Smokers.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- The Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Microbiota Diversity and Composition: A Systematic Review with Exploratory Meta-Analysis.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Evaluating the Impact of Little Cigar Use on the Oral Bacterial Microbiota of Cigarette Smokers.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Subgingival microbiota composition is associated with brain health in the general population-the PAROMIND study.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Association Between E-Cigarette Use (Vaping) and Oral Health in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Comparative Evaluation of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin with and Without Microneedling in Periodontal Regeneration: A Prospective Split-Mouth Clinical Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- The association between periodontal disease and lung cancer: a re-evaluation of independent causal relationships in the presence of smoking as a confounder and an exploration of potential mechanisms.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Molecular cytokine-dependent mechanisms of periodontitis pathogenesis and the potential for pharmacological IL-1 modulation in disease treatment.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Review
- Behavioral and Socioeconomic Determinants of Tooth Loss in Yemeni Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry · 2026Article
- Early pregnancy is characterized by a significant decrease in the diversity of the oral microbiome and strong associations with lifestyle and conception method.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Taxonomic and functional signatures of smoking and periodontitis severity in the subgingival microbiome of older adults.npj aging · 2025Article
- Effect of Smoking on Subgingival Microbiome in Chronic Periodontitis: A 16S rRNA Sequencing Study.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis: a key driver of systemic diseases and emerging therapeutic opportunities.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Knowledge and attitudes of final year dental students in Turkey on periimplant diseases.BMC medical education · 2025Article
- Genealogically bewildered individuals and forensic identification: a review of current and emerging solutions.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Review
- Signature of oral microbial dysbiosis in different periodontitis risk levels.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most common diseases of the oral cavity affecting up to 90% of the worldwide population. Smoking has been identified as a major risk factor in the development and progression of periodontal disease. It is essential to assess the influence of smoking on subgingival microflora that is the principal etiological factor of the disease to clarify the contribution of smoking to periodontal disease. Therefore, this article reviews the current research findings regarding the impact of smoking on subgingival microflora and discusses several potential mechanisms. Cultivation-based and targeted molecular approaches yield controversial results in determining the presence or absence of smoking-induced differences in the prevalence or levels of certain periodontal pathogens, such as the "red complex." However, substantial changes in the subgingival microflora of smokers, regardless of their periodontal condition (clinical health, gingivitis, or periodontitis), have been demonstrated in recent microbiome studies. Available literature suggests that smoking facilitates early acquisition and colonization of periodontal pathogens, resulting in an "at-risk-for-harm" subgingival microbial community in the healthy periodontium. In periodontal diseases, the subgingival microflora in smokers is characterized by a pathogen-enriched community with lower resilience compared to that in non-smokers, which increases the difficulty of treatment. Biological changes in key pathogens, such as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.