Observational studyBMJ open2020
Analysis of the management and costs of headache disorders in Spain during the period 2011-2016: a retrospective multicentre observational study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- [The indirect costs of tension type headache. A systematic literature review].Atencion primaria · 2022Pooled it
- Understanding Data and Opportunities Focused on Value: A Single-Center Experience in Headache Care.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2025Article
- What is the Status Quo of Patient-Centred Physiotherapy Management of People with Headache within a Biopsychosocial Model? - A Narrative Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2024Review
- Migraine treatment: quo vadis? Real-world data study (2015-2022) in Spain.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Societal and economic burden of migraine in Spain: results from the 2020 National Health and Wellness Survey.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Article
- Cervical impairments in subjects with migraine or tension type headache: an observational study.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Migraine in General Spanish Population; Factors Related and Use of Health Resources.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate the number and characteristics of the Spanish population affected by headache disorders and the direct medical cost that these patients represent for the healthcare system.
designA retrospective multicentre observational study.
settingRecords from all patients admitted with headache in primary and secondary care centres in Spain between 2011 and 2016 that were registered in a Spanish claims database were included in the analysis. Direct medical costs were calculated using the standardised average expenses of medical procedures determined by the Spanish Ministry of Health.
resultsData extraction claimed primary care records from 636 722 patients and secondary care records from 30 077 patients. Women represented 63% and 65% of all patients with headache in primary and secondary care respectively, with the exception of cluster headaches, a group with 60% of male patients. No large shifts were observed over time in patients' profile; contrarily, the number of cases per 10 000 patients attended in primary care increased 2-folds between 2011 and 2016 for migraine and 1.85-folds for other headaches. Migraine was the cause for 28% of primary care consultations and 50% of secondary care admissions, and it was responsible for the largest portion of healthcare costs in 2016, a total amount of € 7 302 718. The estimated annual direct medical cost of headache disorders was € 10 716 086.
conclusionsMigraine was responsible for half of the secondary care admissions linked to headache disorders. The raise detected in the number of cases registered in primary care is likely to impact the direct medical costs associated to these disorders causing an increase in the total burden they represent for the Spanish National Healthcare System.
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