ArticlePloS one2020
Gut dysbiosis is prevailing in Sjögren's syndrome and is related to dry eye severity.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04742855 (Effect of Probiotics on the Occurrence of Blepharitis in Adults and Children), which is not on this map. Cited by 103 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Probiotics on the Occurrence of Blepharitis in Adults and Children
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 150 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coordinated oral-gut microbiota relocation in connective tissue diseases: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Changes in theFrontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- What is the impact of microbiota on dry eye: a literature review of the gut-eye axis.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Association between primary Sjögren's syndrome and gut microbiota disruption: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical rheumatology · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical trials targeting the gut-microbiome to effect ocular health: a systematic review.Eye (London, England) · 2023Pooled it
- Gut microbiota and Sjögren's syndrome: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Healthy Patients Are Not the Best Controls for Microbiome-Based Clinical Studies: Example of Sjögren's Syndrome in a Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Fecal Microbial Transplant in Individuals With Immune-Mediated Dry Eye.American journal of ophthalmology · 2022Trial
- Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Microbial Metabolites Driving Gut-Eye Axis Signaling.Comprehensive physiology · 2026Review
- Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SLpl116 attenuates OVA-induced food allergy with ecological restoration of the gut microbiota and immune rebalancing.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Microbiome immune crosstalk in Sjögren's syndrome: mechanistic insights and translational perspectives.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Vitamin DBiomolecules · 2026Article
- The Gut-Eye Axis and Microbiome in Ophthalmic Diseases: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Combined treatment with naringin and osthole ameliorates colitis through microbiota-amino acid metabolism and the JNK pathway.Natural products and bioprospecting · 2026Article
- Genetic Evidence Implicating Gut Microbiota and Circulating Cytokines in Sjögren's Syndrome.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2026Article
- Gut-ocular surface axis in dry eye disease: phenotype-specific mechanisms, evidence, and microbiome-targeted interventions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota transfer from autoimmune dry eye mice imprints stereotypic B cell receptor repertoires in the lacrimal gland and induces disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Gut Microbiota: Emerging Evidence in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Article
- Acupuncture treatment for Sjögren's syndrome: a narrative review on mechanism of treatment and clinical application.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate gut dysbiosis in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or dry eye syndrome (DES) compared to normal subjects and to evaluate the association of dysbiosis with dry eye severity.
methods10 subjects with SS, 14 subjects with DES and 12 controls were enrolled. Corneal staining, tear break up time (TBUT) and tear secretion were evaluated. Bacterial genomic 16s rRNA from stool samples were analyzed. Main outcomes were microbiome compositional differences among groups and their correlation to dry eye signs.
resultsGut microbiome analysis revealed significant compositional differences in SS compared to controls and DES. In phylum, Bacteriodetes increased, while Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Actinobacteria decreased (p<0.05). In genus, Bifidobacterium was reduced (vs controls; p = 0.025, vs DES; p = 0.026). Beta diversity of SS also showed significant distances from controls and DES (p = 0.007 and 0.019, respectively). SS showed decreased genus of Blautia (p = 0.041), Dorea (p = 0.025) and Agathobacter (p = 0.035) compared to controls and increased genus of Prevotella (p = 0.026), Odoribacter (p = 0.028) and Alistipes (p = 0.46) compared to DES. On the other hand, DES only had increased genus Veillonella (p = 0.045) and reduced Subdoligranulum (p = 0.035) compared to controls. Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium were significantly related with dry eye signs (p<0.05). After adjustment of age, gender and group classification, multivariate linear regression analysis revealed tear secretion was strongly affected by Prevotella (p = 0.025). With additional adjustment of hydroxychloroquine use, TBUT was markedly affected by Prevotella (p = 0.037) and Actinobacteria (p = 0.001).
conclusionsSjögren's syndrome showed significant gut dysbiosis compared to controls and environmental dry eye syndrome, while dry eye patients showed compositional changes of gut microbiome somewhere in between Sjögren's syndrome and controls. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota was partly correlated to dry eye severity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.