ArticlePloS one2020
Bacterial pneumonia and its associated factors in children from a developing country: A prospective cohort study.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Can child pneumonia in low-resource settings be treated without antibiotics? A systematic review & meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- Aetiology of childhood pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries in the era of vaccination: a systematic review.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- Co-carriage of respiratory tract bacterial pathogens among under-5 children with pneumococcal carriage in Peninsular Malaysia.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Development and optimization of an easy to interpret loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the identification of bacterial pathogens causing childhood pneumonia.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Clinical and microbiological profile of pneumonia among children with congenital heart diseases at alexandria university children's hospital.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Disease Progression of Severe Pneumonia in a Tertiary Hospital in Ethiopia.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2025Article
- Barriers to Compliance with National Guidelines Among Children Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Vietnam and the Implications.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prevalence of common respiratory viruses in children: insights from post-pandemic surveillance.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Pneumococcal density and respiratory co-detection in severe pediatric pneumonia in Laos.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- CD209d/e are required for macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and activation during methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pulmonary host defense.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics of severe community-acquired pneumonia in children with virus mono-detection versus co-detection with bacteria.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Multicentre case-control study of pneumococcal infections among children with pneumonia in Peninsular Malaysia (MY-Pneumo): a study protocol.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Paediatric pulmonary disease-are we diagnosing it right?Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Nano-Biotechnology for Bacteria Identification and Potent Anti-bacterial Properties: A Review of Current State of the Art.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalised children in Indonesia: a multicentre, prospective study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- The global burden of hospitalisation due to pneumonia caused byEClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- Respiratory syncytial virus in severe lower respiratory infections in previously healthy young Ethiopian infants.BMC pediatrics · 2021Article
- Approach to Identifying Causative Pathogens of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children Using Culture, Molecular, and Serology Tests.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- LncRNA RP11-248E9.5 and RP11-456D7.1 are Valuable for the Diagnosis of Childhood Pneumonia.International journal of general medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionPneumonia in children is a common disease yet determining its aetiology remains elusive.
objectivesTo determine the a) aetiology, b) factors associated with bacterial pneumonia and c) association between co-infections (bacteria + virus) and severity of disease, in children admitted with severe pneumonia.
methodsA prospective cohort study involving children aged 1-month to 5-years admitted with very severe pneumonia, as per the WHO definition, over 2 years. Induced sputum and blood obtained within 24 hrs of admission were examined via PCR, immunofluorescence and culture to detect 17 bacteria/viruses. A designated radiologist read the chest radiographs.
resultsThree hundred patients with a mean (SD) age of 14 (±15) months old were recruited. Significant pathogens were detected in 62% of patients (n = 186). Viruses alone were detected in 23.7% (n = 71) with rhinovirus (31%), human metapneumovirus (HMP) [22.5%] and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [16.9%] being the commonest. Bacteria alone was detected in 25% (n = 75) with Haemophilus influenzae (29.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (24%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (22.7%) being the commonest. Co-infections were seen in 13.3% (n = 40) of patients. Male gender (AdjOR 1.84 [95% CI 1.10, 3.05]) and presence of crepitations (AdjOR 2.27 [95% CI 1.12, 4.60]) were associated with bacterial infection. C-reactive protein (CRP) [p = 0.007]) was significantly higher in patients with co-infections but duration of hospitalization (p = 0.77) and requirement for supplemental respiratory support (p = 0.26) were not associated with co-infection.
conclusionsBacteria remain an important cause of very severe pneumonia in developing countries with one in four children admitted isolating bacteria alone. Male gender and presence of crepitations were significantly associated with bacterial aetiology. Co-infection was associated with a higher CRP but no other parameters of severe clinical illness.
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