ArticleScientific reports2020
Physiologic heart rate dependency of the PQ interval and its sex differences.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Holter features to detect coronary artery spasm in ANOCA patients: A pilot study.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2026Article
- Associations Between Accelerometer-Measured 24-Hour Movement Behaviors and Cardiac Conduction Disease in the UK Biobank Cohort.Korean circulation journal · 2026Article
- Intra-subject covariates of QT variability indices: influence of ECG noise.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence evaluation of electrocardiographic characteristics and interval changes in transgender patients on gender-affirming hormone therapy.European heart journal. Digital health · 2025Article
- Advanced Atrioventricular Block in Athletes: Prevalence and Role of Anti-Ro/Sjögren Syndrome-Related Antigen A Antibodies.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- The Appropriateness of Medical Devices Is Strongly Influenced by Sex and Gender.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Effect of Head-Up/-Down Tilt on ECG Segments and Myocardial Temporal Dispersion in Healthy Subjects.Biology · 2023Article
- Morphological Changes of Anomalous Coronary Arteries From the Aorta During the Cardiac Cycle Assessed by IVUS in Resting Conditions.Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions · 2023Article
- Development and Validation of an Algorithm for the Digitization of ECG Paper Images.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Unpleasant Pictures Exposure Evokes Different Repercussion on Emotional State and Heart Rate Response in Healthy Women and Men.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2022Article
- The Relevance of Heart Rate Fluctuation When Evaluating Atrial Substrate Electrical Features in Catheter Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2022Article
- The Dissimilar Impact in Atrial Substrate Modificationof Left and Right Pulmonary Veins Isolation after Catheter Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Diagnostic values of different ECG durations in paroxysmal AF diagnosis.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2022Article
- Splitting the P-Wave: Improved Evaluation of Left Atrial Substrate Modification after Pulmonary Vein Isolation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Unravelling Atrioventricular Block Risk in Inflammatory Diseases: Systemic Inflammation Acutely Delays Atrioventricular Conduction via a Cytokine-Mediated Inhibition of Connexin43 Expression.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Article
- Echocardiography-derived total atrial conduction time (PA-TDI duration): risk stratification and guidance in atrial fibrillation management.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2021Review
- Spatial distribution of physiologic 12-lead QRS complex.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Symmetric Projection Attractor Reconstruction: Sex Differences in the ECG.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Article
- Sex and Rate Change Differences in QT/RR Hysteresis in Healthy Subjects.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Heart Rate Dependency and Inter-Lead Variability of the T Peak - T End Intervals.Frontiers in physiology · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
On standard electrocardiogram (ECG) PQ interval is known to be moderately heart rate dependent, but no physiologic details of this dependency have been established. At the same time, PQ dynamics is a clear candidate for non-invasive assessment of atrial abnormalities including the risk of atrial fibrillation. We studied PQ heart rate dependency in 599 healthy subjects (aged 33.5 ± 9.3 years, 288 females) in whom drug-free day-time 12-lead ECG Holters were available. Of these, 752,517 ECG samples were selected (1256 ± 244 per subject) to measure PQ and QT intervals and P wave durations. For each measured ECG sample, 5-minute history of preceding cardiac cycles was also obtained. Although less rate dependent than the QT intervals (36 ± 19% of linear slopes), PQ intervals were found to be dependent on underlying cycle length in a highly curvilinear fashion with the dependency significantly more curved in females compared to males. The PQ interval also responded to the heart rate changes with a delay which was highly sex dependent (95% adaptation in females and males after 114.9 ± 81.1 vs 65.4 ± 64.3 seconds, respectively, p < 0.00001). P wave duration was even less rate dependent than the PQ interval (9 ± 10% of linear QT/RR slopes). Rate corrected P wave duration was marginally but significantly shorter in females than in males (106.8 ± 8.4 vs 110.2 ± 7.9 ms, p < 0.00001). In addition to establishing physiologic standards, the study suggests that the curvatures and adaptation delay of the PQ/cycle-length dependency should be included in future non-invasive studies of atrial depolarizations.
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