ReviewThe journal of headache and pain2020
Gut-brain Axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review.
Review in The journal of headache and pain, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04696458 (Effects of a Multispecies Probiotic on Migraine), which is not on this map. Cited by 201 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of a Multispecies Probiotic on Migraine: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
201 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Nutritional supplements for migraine prevention: evaluating evidence sufficiency and effect modifiers through network meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis, and meta-regression.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- The global burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990-2021: a multi-model Bayesian meta-regression with decomposition of age-period-cohort effects, health inequalities, and frontier analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of Dietary Patterns on Migraine Management: Mechanisms of Action and Recent Literature Insights.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Unravelling the gut-brain connection: a systematic review of migraine and the gut microbiome.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Association between proton pump inhibitor use and migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Higher Circulating IL-6 levels as a predictor for poor outcome after migraine preventive treatment: a prospective study.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Targeting the microbiome in pediatric migraine: gastrointestinal manifestations and the therapeutic role ofGut microbes · 2026Article
- Migraine and Obesity: From Shared Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Primary Headache Disorders in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Characterizing IBS-Associated Migraine Highlights.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Celiac Disease and the Nervous System: A Comprehensive Overview of Neurological Manifestations and Underlying Mechanisms.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Review
- Identification of common genetic and molecular signatures in migraine and comorbid conditions.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic reprogramming in pediatric migraine: a multi-omics analysis revealing diagnostic biomarkers.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Review
- Dietary Modulation of Migraine: Metabolic, Neuroinflammatory and Microbiota-Mediated Mechanisms.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Cross-Tissue Neuroimmune-Vascular Genetic Architecture of Migraine Using Integrated Multi-Omics, Single-Cell, and Spatial Transcriptomics: Prioritizing T-Cell Regulatory Networks and Peripheral Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Causal effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on brain health and potential mediation by immune cells.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Altered serum short-chain fatty acid profiles in episodic and chronic migraine and their modulation by preventive treatment.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
141 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The terminology "gut-brain axis "points out a bidirectional relationship between the GI system and the central nervous system (CNS). To date, several researches have shown that migraine is associated with some gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and celiac disease (CD). The present review article aims to discuss the direct and indirect evidence suggesting relationships between migraine and the gut-brain axis. However, the mechanisms explaining how the gut and the brain may interact in patients with migraine are not entirely clear. Studies suggest that this interaction seems to be influenced by multiple factors such as inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), gut microbiota profile, neuropeptides and serotonin pathway, stress hormones and nutritional substances. Neuropeptides including CGRP, SP, VIP, NPY are thought to have antimicrobial impact on a variety of the gut bacterial strains and thus speculated to be involved in the bidirectional relationship between the gut and the brain. According to the current knowledge, migraine headache in patients harboring HP might be improved following the bacteria eradication. Migraineurs with long headache history and high headache frequency have a higher chance of being diagnosed with IBS. IBS and migraine share some similarities and can alter gut microflora composition and thereby may affect the gut-brain axis and inflammatory status. Migraine has been also associated with CD and the condition should be searched particularly in patients with migraine with occipital and parieto-occipital calcification at brain neuroimaging. In those patients, gluten-free diet can also be effective in reducing migraine frequency. It has also been proposed that migraine may be improved by dietary approaches with beneficial effects on gut microbiota and gut-brain axis including appropriate consumption of fiber per day, adhering to a low glycemic index diet, supplementation with vitamin D, omega-3 and probiotics as well as weight loss dietary plans for overweight and obese patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.