ArticlePLoS genetics2020
RHS-elements function as type II toxin-antitoxin modules that regulate intra-macrophage replication of Salmonella Typhimurium.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- The type 6 secretion system immunity protein RhsFI has been repurposed for small RNA regulation in pathogenic Escherichia coli.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Antibiotic use in oyster hatcheries promotes rapid spread of a highly transferable and modular resistance plasmid in Vibrio.The ISME journal · 2025Article
- Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Contribution of Toxin-Antitoxin Systems to Adherent-InvasiveMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- For Someone, You Are the Whole World: Host-Specificity ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Genome mining reveals the prevalence and extensive diversity of toxin-antitoxin systems inFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Diversity and function of arthropod endosymbiont toxins.Trends in microbiology · 2022Review
- Biological Functions of Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Bacteria.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Immunity proteins of dual nuclease T6SS effectors function as transcriptional repressors.EMBO reports · 2021Article
- RNA Regulated Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Two Type VI Secretion Systems ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
RHS elements are components of conserved toxin-delivery systems, wide-spread within the bacterial kingdom and some of the most positively selected genes known. However, very little is known about how Rhs toxins affect bacterial biology. Salmonella Typhimurium contains a full-length rhs gene and an adjacent orphan rhs gene, which lacks the conserved delivery part of the Rhs protein. Here we show that, in addition to the conventional delivery, Rhs toxin-antitoxin pairs encode for functional type-II toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci that regulate S. Typhimurium proliferation within macrophages. Mutant S. Typhimurium cells lacking both Rhs toxins proliferate 2-times better within macrophages, mainly because of an increased growth rate. Thus, in addition to providing strong positive selection for the rhs loci under conditions when there is little or no toxin delivery, internal expression of the toxin-antitoxin system regulates growth in the stressful environment found inside macrophages.
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