ArticleThe New England journal of medicine2020
Outbreak of Listeriosis in South Africa Associated with Processed Meat.
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In one paragraph
Article in The New England journal of medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
98citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
23.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 242 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbial foodborne outbreaks in Africa: a systematic review.International health · 2025Pooled it
- Persisting predominant clinical CC87Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Review
- Occupational Exposure and Economic Inequity Along a Game Meat Trade Network in Cross River State, Nigeria.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Whole-Genome Sequence Profiling of Listeria innocua From Different Sources: Implications for Public Health.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Ready-to-Eat Sandwich Microbiota: Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Strategies to Enhance Food Safety.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance transmission, and One Health-based prevention of non-typhoidalFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Genomic insights intoFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Listeriosis - a retrospective study of 5 years on risk factors and clinical outcomes at a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan.Access microbiology · 2026Article
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- Maternal Listeriosis Presenting With Suspected Meningitis in Late Pregnancy: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Microbiological profile of sterile site organisms and culture positivity rates from a decade of paediatric admissions at a tertiary hospital in South Africa: A lower and middle-income country perspective.New microbes and new infections · 2025Article
- Bacterial and fungal pathogens causing neonatal sepsis and associated antimicrobial resistance in South African neonatal units-a systematic review.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Review
- Clinical characteristics and management of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in children beyond the neonatal stage: a 10 years retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Bioprotective Strategies to ControlInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Listeriosis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Global burden ofTranslational pediatrics · 2025Article
- StreamliningAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Interlaboratory validation trial report on multiplex real-time PCR method for molecular serotyping and identification of the 30 major clonal complexes ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Review
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
30 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Juno ThomasFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.ORCID 0000-0002-8986-1135
Nevashan GovenderFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Kerrigan M McCarthyFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Linda K ErasmusFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Timothy J DoyleFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Mushal AllamFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.ORCID 0000-0002-9875-6716
Arshad IsmailFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.ORCID 0000-0003-4672-5915
Ntsieni RamalwaFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Phuti SekwadiFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Genevie NtshoeFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Andronica ShonhiwaFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Vivien EsselFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Nomsa TauFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Shannon SmouseFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Hlengiwe M NgomaneFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Bolele DisenyengFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Nicola A PageFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Nelesh P GovenderFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Adriano G DuseFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Rob StewartFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Teena ThomasFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Deon MahoneyFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Mathieu TourdjmanFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Olivier DissonFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Pierre ThouvenotFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Mylène M MauryFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Alexandre LeclercqFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.ORCID 0000-0003-3778-7313
Marc LecuitFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.ORCID 0000-0002-4491-1063
Anthony M SmithFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Lucille H BlumbergFrom the Centre for Enteric Diseases (J.T., N.R., P.S., N.T., S.S., H.M.N., B.D., N.A.P., A.M.S.), the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response (N.G., K.M.M., L.K.E., G.N., A.S., V.E., L.H.B.), the Sequencing Core Facility (M.A., A.I.), and the Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (N.P.G.), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, the University of the Witwatersrand (K.M.M., N.P.G., A.G.D., T.T., A.M.S.), and the School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (A.G.D., R.S., T.T.), Johannesburg, the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria (T.J.D.), the University of Pretoria, Tshwane (N.R., G.N., N.A.P.), and the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch (L.H.B.) - all in South Africa; Deon Mahoney Consulting, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D.M.); and Santé Publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice (M.T.), and Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM Unité 1117 and National Reference Center-WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (O.D., P.T., M.M.M., A.L., M.L.), and Université de Paris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine (M.L.), Paris - all in France.
Norwegian Womens Public Health Association · NONational Health Laboratory Service · ZAInserm · FRTshwane University of Technology · ZACenter for Global Health · USSanté Publique France · FRStellenbosch University · ZA
Funding
Intramural CDC HHS CC999999
Abstract
backgroundAn outbreak of listeriosis was identified in South Africa in 2017. The source was unknown.
methodsWe conducted epidemiologic, trace-back, and environmental investigations and used whole-genome sequencing to type
resultsA total of 937 cases were identified, of which 465 (50%) were associated with pregnancy; 406 of the pregnancy-associated cases (87%) occurred in neonates. Of the 937 cases, 229 (24%) occurred in patients 15 to 49 years of age (excluding those who were pregnant). Among the patients in whom human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status was known, 38% of those with pregnancy-associated cases (77 of 204) and 46% of the remaining patients (97 of 211) were infected with HIV. Among 728 patients with a known outcome, 193 (27%) died. Clinical isolates from 609 patients were sequenced, and 567 (93%) were identified as sequence type 6 (ST6). In a case-control analysis, patients with ST6 infections were more likely to have eaten polony (a ready-to-eat processed meat) than those with non-ST6 infections (odds ratio, 8.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.66 to 43.35). Polony and environmental samples also yielded ST6 isolates, which, together with the isolates from the patients, belonged to the same core-genome multilocus sequence typing cluster with no more than 4 allelic differences; these findings showed that polony produced at a single facility was the outbreak source. A recall of ready-to-eat processed meat products from this facility was associated with a rapid decline in the incidence of
conclusionsThis investigation showed that in a middle-income country with a high prevalence of HIV infection,
Indexed as
Disease OutbreaksAdolescentAdultAgedBacterial Typing TechniquesCase-Control StudiesFemaleFoodborne DiseasesHIV-1HIV InfectionsHumansInfant, NewbornListeria monocytogenesListeriosisMaleMeat Products
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