ArticleAnimal cognition2020
Perception of dynamic facial expressions of emotion between dogs and humans.
Article in Animal cognition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dog brain representations of human facial expressions: Encoding happiness and differentiating specific negative expressions.iScience · 2026Article
- Human-socialized dogs and wolves show similar behavioural reactions to human fear odour.Animal cognition · 2026Article
- Analysis of human-oriented facial signals of the domestic dog using eye tracker technology.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Research Methods for the Analysis of Visual Emotion Cues in Animals: A Workshop Report.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Differences in dogs' and wolves' human-directed greeting behaviour: facial expressions, body language, and the problem of human biases.Animal cognition · 2025Article
- Continuous automated analysis of facial dynamics of brachycephalic and normocephalic dogs in different contexts.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Evolutionary divergence of facial muscle physiology between domestic dogs and wolves.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2025Article
- Article
- The Power Is in the Word-Do Laypeople Interpret Descriptors of Dog Emotional States Correctly?Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Head-mounted mobile eye-tracking in the domestic dog: A new method.Behavior research methods · 2023Article
- How to improve data quality in dog eye tracking.Behavior research methods · 2023Article
- Visual perception of emotion cues in dogs: a critical review of methodologies.Animal cognition · 2023Review
- Owners' Beliefs regarding the Emotional Capabilities of Their Dogs and Cats.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Eye Tracking in Dogs: Achievements and Challenges.Comparative cognition & behavior reviews · 2023Article
- The Benefits of Dog-Assisted Therapy as Complementary Treatment in a Children's Mental Health Day Hospital.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Dogs can infer implicit information from human emotional expressions.Animal cognition · 2022Article
- Context and prediction matter for the interpretation of social interactions across species.PloS one · 2022Article
- Current Advances in Assessment of Dog's Emotions, Facial Expressions, and Their Use for Clinical Recognition of Pain.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
- Effects of Dog-Assisted Therapy in Adolescents with Eating Disorders: A Study Protocol for a Pilot Controlled Trial.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Dogs distinguish human intentional and unintentional action.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Facial expressions are a core component of the emotional response of social mammals. In contrast to Darwin's original proposition, expressive facial cues of emotion appear to have evolved to be species-specific. Faces trigger an automatic perceptual process, and so, inter-specific emotion perception is potentially a challenge; since observers should not try to "read" heterospecific facial expressions in the same way that they do conspecific ones. Using dynamic spontaneous facial expression stimuli, we report the first inter-species eye-tracking study on fully unrestrained participants and without pre-experiment training to maintain attention to stimuli, to compare how two different species living in the same ecological niche, humans and dogs, perceive each other's facial expressions of emotion. Humans and dogs showed different gaze distributions when viewing the same facial expressions of either humans or dogs. Humans modulated their gaze depending on the area of interest (AOI) being examined, emotion, and species observed, but dogs modulated their gaze depending on AOI only. We also analysed if the gaze distribution was random across AOIs in both species: in humans, eye movements were not correlated with the diagnostic facial movements occurring in the emotional expression, and in dogs, there was only a partial relationship. This suggests that the scanning of facial expressions is a relatively automatic process. Thus, to read other species' facial emotions successfully, individuals must overcome these automatic perceptual processes and employ learning strategies to appreciate the inter-species emotional repertoire.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.