ArticleDiabetes care2020
Diabetes Prevalence and Its Relationship With Education, Wealth, and BMI in 29 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
Article in Diabetes care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Clinical and sociodemographic factors of diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in Sri Lanka: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2023Pooled it
- Interventions for preventing type 2 diabetes in adults with mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021 · on this mapPooled it
- Health system interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2020Pooled it
- The effect of vildagliptin versus metformin on hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2024Trial
- The state of diabetes care and obstacles to better care in Aceh, Indonesia: a mixed-methods study.BMC health services research · 2023Trial
- Feasibility of computer-generated telephonic message-based follow-up system among healthcare workers with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2020Trial
- National and subnational analysis of self-reported diabetes mellitus and health inequalities in Europe.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence of diabetes and associated risk factors in Ga Mashie, Accra, Ghana: a cross-sectional CARE Diabetes community-based survey.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Ibero-American position statement on therapeutic recommendations for the preventive management of cardiovascular complications in latin-American patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: consensus of the prevention council of the inter-American society of cardiology (SIAC-PREVENT).Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Incorporating polygenic risk scores and social determinants of health across populations: Considerations and best practices in research.American journal of human genetics · 2026Review
- Institutional capacity for non-communicable disease care in Ghana's primary health care system: a multi-method study.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- Deep Learning-Enabled Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: A Techno-Clinical Revolution or Just More Artificial Intelligence Hype?Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Prevalence and correlates of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus among adults in rural Uganda during the COVID-19 pandemic: an evaluation of a community-based screening programme.International health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Factors Associated with Hyperglycaemia Among Newly Admitted Medical Patients at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Implementing a multi-centre hypoglycaemia management surveillance model through a co-designed approach to develop actionable insights in the UK.Frontiers in health services · 2026Article
- Built environment is a key driver of cardiometabolic health in two Indigenous groups undergoing rapid lifestyle change.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2026Article
- Decoding type 5 diabetes using spatial omics: microarchitectural and molecular mechanisms of malnutrition-associated diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Medical alliances and diabetes-related distress in China: role of self-efficacy as a partial mediator.International health · 2025Article
- Pharmaco-Epigenetics and Epigenetic Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes: Can Epigenetics Predict Drug Efficiency?Biomedicines · 2025Review
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
43 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveDiabetes is a rapidly growing health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but empirical data on its prevalence and relationship to socioeconomic status are scarce. We estimated diabetes prevalence and the subset with undiagnosed diabetes in 29 LMICs and evaluated the relationship of education, household wealth, and BMI with diabetes risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe pooled individual-level data from 29 nationally representative surveys conducted between 2008 and 2016, totaling 588,574 participants aged ≥25 years. Diabetes prevalence and the subset with undiagnosed diabetes was calculated overall and by country, World Bank income group (WBIG), and geographic region. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risk (RR).
resultsOverall, prevalence of diabetes in 29 LMICs was 7.5% (95% CI 7.1-8.0) and of undiagnosed diabetes 4.9% (4.6-5.3). Diabetes prevalence increased with increasing WBIG: countries with low-income economies (LICs) 6.7% (5.5-8.1), lower-middle-income economies (LMIs) 7.1% (6.6-7.6), and upper-middle-income economies (UMIs) 8.2% (7.5-9.0). Compared with no formal education, greater educational attainment was associated with an increased risk of diabetes across WBIGs, after adjusting for BMI (LICs RR 1.47 [95% CI 1.22-1.78], LMIs 1.14 [1.06-1.23], and UMIs 1.28 [1.02-1.61]).
conclusionsAmong 29 LMICs, diabetes prevalence was substantial and increased with increasing WBIG. In contrast to the association seen in high-income countries, diabetes risk was highest among those with greater educational attainment, independent of BMI. LMICs included in this analysis may be at an advanced stage in the nutrition transition but with no reversal in the socioeconomic gradient of diabetes risk.
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